For their characteristic of exhibiting no rejection of allogeneic tissue due to congenitally absent T-cell function, the nude mice reported by Issacson for the first time in 1962 have been calling for attention in the discipline of cancer research in recent years. It has been demonstrated by some investigators that the nude mice, when applied to experiments of cancer response to various treat ments, including carcinostatics, have proved an experimental system considerably close to an ideal one available at present, without the drawbacks of the other systems used for the same purpose. Since 1977, the author has been successfully subtransplanting various human urogenital malignant neoplasms in the nude mice, and recently performed experimental treatments of a human bladder cancer transplantable to the nude mice (B1-4).
1) B1-4 is a poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma, characterized by such a high successful transplantation rate as close to 100%, very stable growth, relatively small standard deviations (Fig. 3), and succession of the histologic characteristics of the primary tumor (Fig. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), and has proved good enough for use as a system in experiments of carcinostatics in the treatment of human malignancies
2) B1-4 that had been subtransplanted for 5 or 6 generations was used for the experimental treatments. Observation was, as a rule, performed for 4 weeks after the transplantation (for 5 weeks after the transplantation in the treatments with adriamycin and 1-GHP). The therapeutic effects of the treatments were evaluated chiefly in terms of the gross regressive effect according to the tumor growth curve, together with histologic findings. The following treatments were performed (Table 1):
a) Extracorporeal ⁶⁰Co radiation over the locality of tumor: Radiated only once every 2 weeks after the transplantation (500, 1000 and 2000 rads).
b) Subcutaneous application of adriamycin in the area adjacent to tumor: Applied once a day, for 10 consecutive days, from 24 hours after the transplantation (0.75 and 1.5mg/kg).
c) Platinum compounds:
i) CDDP (Cis platinum (II) diaminodichloride): Injected intaperitoneally 3 times in total, i.e., 24 hours, on day 5 and day 9 after the transplantation (2.5 and 5.0mg/kg).
ii) 1-GHP (Platinum glucuronate cyclohexane trans-1-dach): Injected intraperitoneally 3 times in total, i.e., 24 hours, on day 5 and day 9 after the transplantation (50 and 100mg/kg).
3) (a) It was adriamycin that proved most effective. The tested doses of 0.75 and 1.5mg/kg both inhibited the growth of the tumor significantly (P<0.001, respectively). Especially, in the group treated with 1.5mg/kg, the tumor almost disappeared in 3 weeks, and did not grow again thereafter (Table 3, Fig. 6). Histology disclosed a marked regression of the tumor, as well as atrophy degeneration and necrosis of tumor cells (Fig. 16, 17).
(b) It was the platinum compounds that proved second most effective. CDDP, in both doses of 2.5 and 5.0mg/kg, and 1-GHP, in a dose of 100mg/kg, inhibited the growth of the tumor significantly (0.02<P<0.05; 0.001<P<0.01; 0.05<P<0.1) (Fig. 7, 8). Although these compounds did not exert so marked a tumor growth-inhibitory effect as did adriamycin, they reduced the T/C ratio considerably (7.71%, 18.96% and 3.56%) (Table 3); hence, they may be expected to prove very effective in treating bladder cancer in the future.
(c) The ⁶⁰Co radiation did not exert so marked an effect but a transient tumor regressing tendency with 2000 rads, which was suggestive of the limitations of a single therapy (Fig. 5).
4) In an attempt to establish a transplantation experimental system in other common experimental animals than the nude mice which can be reared in common experimental conditions, an experiment was made of heterotransplantation of the same tumor to hamsters.

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Using the balloon method, the urethral pressure response to hypogastric and pudendal nerve stimulation was studied at various points of the female dog's urethra. The hypogastric nerve stimulation produced a contraction response over the whole length of the sphincteral urethra, especially a high response within the proximal urethra. However, the response produced by pudendal nerve stimulation was restricted within the distal half of the sphincteral urethra.

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The effects of hypogastric and pudendal nerve transection on the urethral pressure profile were studied in 15 female mongrel dogs. After the hypogastric nerve was transected, a significant decrease of pressure occurred along the whole length of the urethra, especially the proximal urethra. On the other hand, after pudendal nerve transection was added, the pressure change was located in the distal half of the urethra. The distribution of the sympathetic and somatic component was discussed.

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In adult males bladder neck Contracture is not so uncommon finding but its pathogenesis is obscure. To clarity its pathogenesis, Urodynamic examinations mainly uroflowmetry were performed. Uroflowmetries were done in 8 cases of normal adult male, 31 cases of bladder neck contracture and 41 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Postoperative uroflowmetries were also examined in 24 cases of bladder neck contracture who had undergone transurethral resection of bladder neck and 43 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate or retropubic prostatectomy. Urethral pressure profiles were measured in 12 cases of normal adult males, 29 cases of bladder neck contracture and 28 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Then, uroflowmetry and urethral pressure profilometry before and after intravenous administration of phentolamine (5mg) were done in 14 cases of bladder neck contracture, 8 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy and 7 cases of chronic prostatitis. In normal adult males, urinary flow rate had correlated to voided volume. The postoperative urinary flow rates significantly increased in bladder neck contracture as same as benign prostatic hypertrophy. But correlative relation between flow rate and voided volume was weakened postoperatively in bladder neck contracture. Conversely, its relation was strengthened in benign prostatic hypertrophy. The urethral pressure profile of bladder neck contracture did not have characteristic findings. I found that one group of bladder neck contracture responded to phentolamine. The urinary flow rate increased and maximum urethral closure pressure more remarkably decreased after intravenous administration of phentolamine. The postoperative uroflowmetry showed that responder to phentolamine had better results in comparison with nonresponders.
These results suggest that bladder neck contracture can be divided into two main groups based on the response of urinary flow rate to phentolamine and that adrenergic nerve system of posterior urethra has important roles in the responder. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis in non-responder

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The study was performed to compare the contributions of sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic innervation on the urethra to the urethral pressure profiles of 20 female mongrel dogs with an average weight of 12.6kg (range: 7.0-23.0kg).
Urethral pressure profiles were measured by the method of Brown, M. and Wickham, J. E. A. (1969) under treatment of 1) bilateral transection of pudendal and hypogastric nerves and 2) intravenous administration of phentolamine mesylate, atropine sulfate and succinylcholine chloride. Prior to treatment, a serial 9-time-measurement of urethral pressure profiles revealed a satisfactory reproducibility of this method. The results of this study are as follows.
1. Somatic component contributes to about 50 per cent of the static urethral pressure and its location is mainly in the distal four fifths of the urethra.
2. Sympathetic component contributes to about 40 per cent of the static urethral pressure and its location is mainly in the proximal four fifths of the urethra.
3. These two components overlap each other in the midurethra and the urethral pressure consists of somatic, sympathetic and non-neural components.
4. Parasympathetic nerves contribute little to static urethral pressure.
5. It is suggested that some sympathetic nerve pathways different from the hypogastric nerve or a mechanism which makes up for the loss of pressure due to hypogastric nerve section may exist in the urethra.

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A sequential radioimmunoassay procedure for free and conjugated estrone (f-E₁, c-E₁), estradiol (f-E₂, c-E₂) and estriol (f-E₃, c-E₃) in male human plasma was developed. Plasma free and conjugated estrogen (f-E, c-E), testosterone (T), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined on normal adult men, castrated men and patients with liver cirrhosis and renal insufficiency
The results were as follows:
1) Both f-E and c-E, especially f-E₂ and c-E₃ remarkably decreased after castration and this suggests that f-E₂ was mainly secreted from the testis.
2) In diurnal variations for f-E and c-E in normal adult men, the highest levels of f-E₂ appeared near 8:00hr. and the highest levels of c-E₁ and c-E₂ appeared 24:00hr., but clear diurnal rhythms for f-E₁ and c-E₂ were noted in both normal and castrated men.
3) In cases of liver cirrhosis, both f-E and c-E increased, which was probably due to an overproduction of estrogen and not to the decrease of conjugation potency. Also the f-E₂/T-ratio in a group with gynecomastia was higher than in a group without gynecomastia. It is considered that changes in the balance between f-E and T may play some part in the pathogenesis of gynecomastia in liver cirrhosis.
4) In cases of acute and chronic renal insufficiency, c-E, especially c-E₃ increased remarkably but returned to normal levels after treatment in cases of acute renal insufficiency. Therefore, it is considered that the human kidney metabolizes estrogen and that c-E₃ is a major urinary metabolite in human males. Plasma f-E, T and 5α-DHT levels in patients with chronic renal insufficiency were lower than in normal men and patients with acute renal insufficiency. These data suggest that persistent uremia or hemodialysis may be responsible for suppression of testicular function.
The patients after renal transplantation showed lower f-E, T and 5α-DHT levels, which was probably due to a suppression of testicular function by glucocorticoids administered as immunosuppressive agents.

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Plasma free estrogen (f-E), conjugated estrogen (c-E), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), cortisol (F), testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) responses to synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), long-acting ACTH and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation were investigated in normal adult men, castrated men and patients with hypogonadism.
The results were as follows:
1) In normal adult men plasma free estrone (f-E₁), DHEA, DHEA-S and F levels were significantly elevated by rapid ACTH (25 i. u. infused i. v.) and long-acting ACTH stimulation (40 i. u. injected i. m. every 12 hours for 2 days), but free estradiol (f-E₂) levels were unchanged. These data suggest that f-E₁ is mainly secreted from the adrenal gland or derived from peripheral conversion of adrenal androgens. Changes in both DHEA and DHEA-S levels were more significant with long-acting ACTH stimulation than with rapid ACTH stimulation.
2) The patterns for plasma DHEA, DHEA-S, F and f-E₁ responses to rapid ACTH and long-acting ACTH stimulation in castrated men were similar to those in normal adult men. Plasma T levels were slightly elevated after long-acting ACTH stimulation.
3) Both basal level and response of plasma F to rapid ACTH stimulation increased remarkably 4 days after HCG stimulation (4000 i. u. injected i. m. daily for 3 days) in a normal adult man. It was considered that protein-bound F increased following elevation of corticosteroid binding globulin, which was induced by increasing endogenous E after HCG stimulation.
4) Plasma f-E₁ and f-E₂, especially f-E₂ level, increased remarkably following HCG stimulation in normal young men, and the maximum level of f-E₂ was noted on day 2. However, the maximum levels of T and 5α-DHT were noted on day 4. Therefore, it is suggested that f-E₂ is mainly secreted from testis as well as T, but f-E₂ shows different secretion pattern from T. In plasma c-E, only conjugated estriol (c-E₃) level gradually increased after HCG stimulation.
The pattern for plasma f-E₂ response to HCG stimulation in elderly men were similar to that in young men, but the magnitude of the maximum level was lower than that in young men.
5) Although basal levels of T and 5α-DHT were low in patients with hypogonadism, those of f-E₁ and f-E₂ were normal in many cases. But no significant correlations were found between plasma gonadotropin levels and f-E levels. The maximum level of f-E₂ was noted on day 3 or 4 following HCG stimulation, which suggests that some testicular dysfunction of f-E2 secretion is found in patients with hypogonadism

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Plasma free estrogen (f-E), conjugated estrogen (c-E), testosterone (T), 5α-dihvdrotestosterone (5α-DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEA-S), cortisol (F). luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were determined in patients with prostatic cancer and renal cell carcinoma during various typeo sf therapy.
The results were as follows:
1) In cases of prostatic cancer and renal cell carcinoma pretreatment levels of plasma f-E, c-E, T, 5α-DHT, DHEA, LH and FSH were not significantly different in early stage or in advanced stage, but DHEA-S levels of advanced stage decreased remarkably in both cases.
2) Although plasma free estradiol (f-E₂), T and 5α-DHT levels decreased remarkably with castration and administration of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-diphosphate), chlormadinone acetate (CMA) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in patients with prostatic cancer, no significant relationships were found between plasma steroid decline and stage or clinical improvement.
However, DES-diphosphate and CMA administration after castration led to elevated both free estrone (f-E₁) and f-E₂ levels compared to levels found after castration alone, which probably due to increasing peripheral conversion from adrenal androgens.
3) Suppression of plasma LH and FSH levels was observed with DES-diphosphate administration, but not so significant with CMA and MPA administration.
Therefore, it was suggested that an inhibitory action of the progestational agents on hypothalamohituitary axis was mild compared to that of synthetic estrogens, and also that antiandrogenic action of the progestational agents was a direct action to a target organ.
4) It was noted that the higher doses of CMA and MPA (100-200mg/day) produced a significant fall in DHEA and DHEA-S levels, whereas lower doses of MPA (50mg/day) were without effect. However, plasma F levels were unchanged with administration of CMA and MPA in both cases. It was therefore suggested that the progestational agents had an inhibitory effect on androgen secretion by the adrenal, but no significant influence on glucocorticoid secretion.
5) Nephrectomy or non-hormonal anticancer drugs caused no plasma f-E₁, f-E₂, T and DHEA-S declines in patients with renal cell carcinoma, and these data suggested that no sex steroids were produced by the tumor and also that non-hormonal anticancer drugs had no influence on plasma hormone levels.

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Microangiography and contact microangiography are useful for studying the constitutions of the renal microvasculature. In order to obtain a parameter of the renal function with special reference to microcirculation using contact mieroangiographic specimens, the individual glomerular area, the number of glomeruli and the total vascular area (including the glomerular area and the vascular area) in 500μ transverse section of the normal canine kidney were measured with a πMC Particle Measurement Computer System (Millipore). The glomerular area (the number of glomeruli × average individual glomerular area) and the vascular area (the total vascular area-the glomerular area) were calculated.
The results were as follows:
About fourty glomeruli were recognized in the settle area (4.32mm²). The total vascular area had a quarter of the cortex and the glomerular area formed 80 per cent of the total vascular area. The average individual glomerular area in the convex border was a little larger than the one near the renal pedicle.
Since the present technique produced less errors of determination and could be conducted simultaneously with morphological study of the contact microangiogram, we presume that it is useful for investigations of various kinds of pathological kidney as a parameter to indicate changes in renal microcirculation.

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Four cases of torsion of the spermatic cord were reported. An intravaginal torsion was noted in all of them, having various degrees of twist (360°, 180°, 360° and 720°). Of 4 cases, the first case, a 13-year-old boy, and the fourth case, a 28-year-old man, underwent orchiopexy successfully at 4 and 8 hours after the onset of symptoms, respectively. However, the ramaining two cases, a 2-year-old boy, and a 13-year-old boy were subjected to orchiectomy due to the delayed operation 11 and 9 days after the onset, respectively.
Since Yoshimoto's report in 1977, an additional 42 cases of torsion of the spermatic cord have been reported in the recent Japanese literatures including the present series. We reviewed total 201 cases of the disease. The incidence of the disease in Japanese is not as rare as reported previously, and more than 20 patients each year. Like in the foreign literature, there are two separate ages of maximum incidence: the newborn and the puberty. Obviously, the sooner the patient is operated on, the better is the result. Twenty-four hours appear to be a maximum length of time for the testicular salvage. Finally, it is generally recommended that the opposite uninvolved testicle should be fixed during the same procedure, because the anomalous condition is frequently bilateral.

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