The compressive-type fracture of vacuum-evaporated gold films was observed directly in a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope by mounting the film on uniblock substrates. Gold films from 400 to 3400Å in thickness used in this study were heated at different temperatures ranging from 300 to 800 °C. It was shown that as-evaporated films fractured in a smooth straight-line type while heated films exibited a graininterior type fracture. The predominant propagation for fracture of thicker films (>700Å) occurred within the grain-interior by the formation of dislocation fissure. The total fracture strain of the film was usually of the order of 0.2 to 4.8% at fracture. The measurements showed that for thickness thicker than about 1000Å there was an increase in the strain with increasing thickness.

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The dynamic compressive fracture of vacuum-evaporated gold films in the thickness range 450 to 3300Å was observed directly in a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope by mounting the film on uniblock substrates. Electron microscopy observations of heat-treated films showed a wavy type fracture by the dynamic compressive-type strain. This fracture propagation was clearly observed in regions of circular convex domes (3-50 μm diam.) and holes. The distribution of slip within the fracture tip plastic zone was markedly dispersed. The fracture strain increased with increasing film thickness, the greatest increase occurring above 3000Å. The fracture strain ratio (ε_dε_s) of dynamic and static fracture gold films thicker than about 2000Å was usually of the order of 1.1 to 2.4.

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Aluminum alloy seamless corrugated bellows are produced by hydraulic forming of seamless tube. Welding between the bellows and the flange or chamber becomes difficult especially with a thickness below 1 mm.
The thickness of the corrugated part was reduced to 0.3 mm while the welding edge parts were given a thickness of 24 mm. This contributes to both getting sound weld and better elastic performance of the bellows. Life time of the aluminum super alloy bellows is nearly the same as that of the stainless steel.

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In a practical ion plating apparatus by gas discharge, we must set the hearth (anode) upwards for gravity while the plasma source (cathode and intermediate electrodes) is set horizontally. Therefore, the initial discharge plasma flow which streams horizontally, must be bended over the hearth (anode) at right angle. Then, the main discharge power must be concentrated on the hearth, that is, the bended plasma flow must be focussed on it to melt and vaporized some metal scrap effectively.
In this paper, without a usual bending magnet in a case of electron beam, we try bending and focussing a discharge (in Ar or H₂ gas) plasma flow by two magnetic fields (horizontal and vertical) which are due to a magnetic coil around the plasma source and a strong permanent magnet under the hearth. When the horizontal magnetic field intensity over the hearth is nearly equal to the verticalmagnetic field intensity at a crossing point between the horizontal and vertical line, the plasma flow is well bended and focussed under low gas pressures.

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