Three hundred and twenty-four strains (1, 99%) of dysentery bacilli and 525 strains (, 29%) of 112S-producing bacilli were isolated out of 16, 229 stool samples from healthy persons and dysentery patients, examined in the year 1954 in Kawasaki city. The latter included 118 Bethesda strains and 44 Ballerup strains. Antigenic analysis of the isolated Bethesda strains led to the following results: O-1 6 strains, O-2 18 strains, O-3 21 strains, O-4 57 strains, O-6 12 strains, O-7 4 strains. Twenty-one out of the above strains were derived from dysentery patients and 97 from healthy persons.
Antigenic analysis of the isolated Ballerup strains led to the following results: O-1 12 strains, O-2 30 strains, O-3 2 strains. Four out of the above strains were derived foom dysentery patients and 40 from healthy persons. Bethesda O-4 group and Ballerup O-2 group command the majority.

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Mass incidence of a febrile exanthematous disease was experienced in a board in Saitama Prefecture from 29th April to 17th May, 1956. Scarlet fever was suspected in 5 isolated patients out of total 29 cases, but the author's investigation confirmed the diagnosis of Izumi fever. At the determination of the diagnosis an important support was provided by the evaluation of antibody titer of patient's sera against streptolysin-O. Only in 2 out of 9 selected cases an elevation of the antibody titer was demonstrated by the determination carried out with patients' sera in 2 and in 3½ or 4 weeks. Out of 7 cases, in which no elevation of the antibody was demonstrable, 4 had been hospitalized with the diagnosis of scarlet fever. Noteworthy in this epidemic was the incidence in 2 infants, 7 month old male and 11 month old female, the latter being hospitalized with two brothers under the diagnosis of scarlet fever. The clinical features and laboratory findings of this epidemic corresponded on the whole to those of hitherto reported other epidemics. Accumulated incidence in a board, which received its water supply from a common well suggested the contamination of the latter as the source of infection.

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The wide-spread use of chemotherapy in recent years has brought on the other side cross infection, especially due to Candidae. There exist still controvertial opinions on the mechanism of the infection. The influence ot antibiotics on Candida infection was experimentally examined by the author in order to elucidate the problems concerning the development of infection. Candida albicans was inoculated in varying quantities and together with antibiotics into the peritoneal cavity of young mice. The lifetime and mortality rate of the animals were recorded, and the condition in which they died was also described. The heart blood and the peritoneal fluid were cultured for the demonstration of the inoculated Candida strain. The animals were given 5mg of one of Aureomycin, Terramycin, Chloromycetin and Streptomycin or 1, 000 units of penicillin. The results were as follows:
1.Antibiotics invariably aggravated Candida infection in mice with an increase of mortality rate and the reduction in time up to the death.
2.Tetracyclines, such as Aureomycin and Teramycin, exerted the most remarkable aggravation effect and were followed by penicillin, Chloromycetin, Streptomycin in order of effect. Except for Streptomycin, all the other antibiotics employed caused the death of the animals, even when they were given an otherwise sublethal dosis of Candida.
3.Candida was demonstrated in the heart blood and peritoneal fluid in a high rate.
4.The mice belonging to the antibiotic group ssuccumbed sometimes in a very shoft time, as in 4-10 hours after the inoculation, and their heart blood gave a positive Candida culture. This indicates, that the reinforcement of Candida infection by antibiotics can not entirely be attributed to across infection caused by antibiotics.

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In the first report the author discussed the influence of antibiotics on experimental candidasis in mice to study the mechanism of development of candidasis. In the present report the following experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of concomittant bacteria, especially of E. coli on the in vitro proliferation of Candida.
1. Candida albicans was cultured with E. coli, strain S., and the number of living organisms was counted at regular time intervals in regard to each strain. Streptomycin. was furthermore added to the culture medium, and its influence on Candida proliferation was examined.
2. Bacterial substance, obtained by heating or by freezing and resolution from the bacterial body of E. coli or from its bouillon culture filtrate, was added to the above culture medium to study its influence on the number of living Candida. The results of the experiments were as follows:
1. Evident antagonism was confirmed between. E. coli and Candida, when they were cultivated simultaneously. In the earlier period (within 24 hours) E. coli predominated over Candida, the proliferation of the latter being supressed. In the later period (after 48 hours) an abundant growth of Candida was observed hand in hand with an abrupt decline of E. coll in its proliferation.
2. A thermolabile factor, inhibitory on Candida, was demonstrable in the bouillon culture filtrate of E. coli.
3. Bacterial body of E. coll contained a thermostable substance, which, even in a minimum quantity, accelerated the proliferation of Candida.
4. Streptomycin, added in 1, 000γ/ml to the mixed culture of Candida and E. coli, inhibited the growth of E. coli and remarkably accelerated that of Candida. The latter effect was not attributable to a direct action of the medicament on Candida.
These results indicated that the extirpation of bacteria by a large dose of antibiotics and the liberation of substance from the bacterial body accelerating Candida proliferation played an important part in the development of Candidasis in man.

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The agglutinatio, n test, carried out on the sera of healthy persons, sporadic and epidemic dysentery patients for many years led the authors to the following conclusions.
1. The agglutinin titer against dysentery bacilli was notably higher in patients' serum than in normal serum. The average agglutinin titer in the group of inhabitants, in which many dysentery cases were reported, was higher than that of normal control group.
2. The boundary of pathological value was assumed to be 1: 160 against Shigella flexneri 2a and ab and 1: 20 against Shigella sonnei (phase 1).
3. In mass incidences of dysentery due to more than 2 subgroups of the bacilli, the above mentioned boundary value afforded an useful criterium to decide the main subgroup as the causative agent.
4. When the isolated bacilli belonged to the Flexner subgroup, the above criterium to find out the causative type was neither in mass incidences nor in sporadic cases applicable.

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