In the interval 1962-1963, about 100 children were immunized by live attenuated measles vaccines.
1) In the following 20 months after vaccination, 57 vaccinees were exposed to natural measles. 4 (7%) in these children suffered from measles, 2 from regular measles; 2 from modified measles. In the control group children dwelling the same area, outbreaks of natural measles were observed. 75% or greater of those suffered from regular measles.
2) In the children not exposed to natural measles, NT antibody level persisted undiminished or slightly decreased in 18 months after administration of live vaccines.
3) The vaccinees resisted firmly against the re-vaccination of live vaccines inoculated in 12 months after first vaccination.
4) Booster effect was observed both after the exposure to natural measles and after the re-vaccination.

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Live attenuated measles vaccine and killed measles vaccine were administrated to the antibody free children during the outbreak of natural measles.
1) Live vaccine was inoculated to 6 children in the early stage of incubation period of natural measles. (2-6 days after exposure.) All the children were suffered from “vaccine” measles, not from regular measles.
2) Live vaccine, used in the incubation period of natural measles, showed effectiveness in modifying an expected outbreak of regular measles among susceptible and undoubtedly contaminated hospitalized children.
3) Modification of regular measles was observed in children inoculated with killed vaccine shortly before exposure to natural measles. Killed vaccine inoculation after exposure revealed no effectiveness for the modification of regular measles.

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The aerobic cultivation is at present widely applied in almost every laboratories as the isolation method of microorganism from clinical materials in bacterial infections. However, the anaerobiccultivation has not become routine yet. If both methods are to be performed in parallel, much more elaborate: and precise diagnosis and more appropriate therapy would be available. As the result of the world-wide use of the chemotherapy and antibiotics, microorganisms hitherto considered to be non- or weakly pathogenic began to play a principal role in severe infections. Therefore, much attention should be paid to the asporulating anerobes.
Several reports of our laboratory were summarized in this review with new findings and recommendadle methods of anaerobic cultivation were introduced. Clinical cases and statistical data of our laboratory were shown in comparison with those of Beerens, Prévot, Stokes and Juntendo Medical School.

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How to cope with increasing number of resistant strains of bacterial dysentery hasnow become our primary concern.
On the other hand, macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin estrate without in vitro antibiotic activity against shigella has been known to be effective for the treatment of bacillary dysentery.
Clinical trial with acetyl-spiramycin, a new macrolides, was then carried out.
Materials and Methodes: Seven patients with bacillary dysentery and 23 carriers were treated with acetylspiramycin. Daily dose of 800 mg (200 mg every 6 hours) of thantimicrobials was administrated for 5 days (totaling 4000 mg).
Results: Rapid improvement of fever and diarrhea were seen.
Considering the high tendency of natural healing, these results were not always tobe attributed to the effect of acetyl-spiramycin alone.
Culture of shigella from stool remained no longer positive after the fifth day ofadministration of the medicine.
The bacilli disappeared within 2 days after treatment in 23 cases (76.6%), and within 5 days in 3 (23.3%), mean being 2.4 days. Neither continuous positive culture, nor reappearance of the bacilli was noted in this series.
Any remarkable side effects did not occure in our trial.
No strains of Shigella from the 30 patients were sensitive to acetyl-spiramycin invitro. Previously, clinical trial with novobiocin, a non-macrolide antibiotics, on the treatment of dysentery was carried out without appreciable results. This is highly indicative of different clinical effects between the macrolides, such as actyl-spiramycin and erythromycin estrate, and the non-macrolides, such as novobiocin, even if they are similar in antibiotic spectrum.

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