The newer the typhoid and paratyphoid fever vaccine, the stronger is their antigenicity. However, when well preserved, they continue to be effective for several years. These vaccines hardly demonstrate any ability of Vi-antibody: production on rabbits, but a rather strong ability on mice. Infection-preveting antibody is highly produced. by a single injection of vaccine containing Vi-antigen. By 3 or 4 injections, however, the difference is gradually diminished as compared with a vaccine with low potency. This fact is also observed in the examination for potency determination. 0 antibody titer is elevated fairly highly by a single injection of typhoid fever vaccine and reaches the highest degree by 2-3 injections. On the contrary, paratyphoid A and B vaccine produce only a minimum amount of 0 agglutinin.

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Antibiotic-resistance of E. coli was measured with 132 patients in the National-Ashikaga Sanatorium and 1, 138 healthy persons of various collective bodies in order to clarify the mechanism of antibiotic-resistance acquirement by enterobacteriaceae.
Antibiotic-resistance of E. coli was determined using Mac Conkey medium containing 25 ry/ml of chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM) and tetracycline (TC). Tuberculosis patients demonstrated in 83.33% and general healthy persons in 32.69%
over 25 ry/ml resistance against each one of CM, SM and TC. Over 100 ry/ml resistance against each one of the 3 antibiotics was found in 50.76% of tuberculosis patients and in 17.57% of general healthy persons.
In tuberculosis patients SM-single-resistant strains were most frequently encountered (16.67%), followed by two-antibiotics (SM, TC)-resistant strains (13.64%), threeantibiotics-resistant ones (10.67%), TC-single-resistant one (7.58%) and two-antibiotics (CM, SM)-resistant ones (3.03%), respectively. In general healthy persons, resistant strains against various antibiotics were isolated in the following percentage order:
TC-single ones in 6.94%, SM-single ones in 6.5%, CM. SM. TC-resistant ones in 2.02%, SM. TC-resistant ones in 1.32%, CM. TC-resistant ones in 0.35% and CM. SM resistant ones in 0.09%.
In tuberculosis patients treated with SM, the isolation rate of SM-highly-resistant strains was 56.00%, that of three-antibiotics-resistant ones 12.00%, that of CM. SMresistant ones 2.00%, that of SM. TC-resistant ones 20.00%, SM-single resistant ones 12.00% and TC-single-resistant ones 10.00%, revealing that a high resistance not only against SM but also against TC and CM was acquired by the bacilli.
An increasing tendency of the isolation rate of E. coli with a high antibiotic-resistance was recognized in general healthy persons in the year of 1960.

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It is already a known fact that, experimental typhoid of mice cannot always be produced by a small dosis of the innoculum. This can be understood easily through the conception of infectivity which means the mode of multiplication of the invaded bacteria in the intestine. Many investigations have been made concerning the nature of the intestinal flora that is considered to be one of the most important factors to control the infection. Picking up the gram positive cocci, a member of the intestinal flora, the author attempted to make clear their biological meaning in the multiplication of the superimposed bacteria. Gram positive cocci, found from intestinal flora of the mice, were mostly enterococci. As superimposed bacteria, Salmonella enteritidis No.11strain (virulent strain) was employed for this series.
When erythromycin was orally administered, the infectivity of the Salmonella enteritidis No.11 strain was elevated. In this occasion, the quantity of the enterococci was decreased in the small intestine by the administration of erythromycin. Significant raise of infectivity of Salmonella enteritidis No.11 strain to the mice was observed by previous administration of the combination of erythromycin and streptomycin.
When a certain strain of the enterococci, isolated from mice, was orally given after conbimed administration of erythromycin and streptomycin, infectivity of Salmonella enteritidis No.11 strain to the mice dropped.
By this experiment, it could be considered that the attitude of enterococci in the small bowel of the mice greatly influenced the infectivity of the Salmonella.

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Since the time of Pasteur, rabies. vaccine has long been used as a prophylactic as therapeutic measure for both human and animal. Use of small experimental animal, especially mice, for the quantitative determination of its immunogenicity, however, was not in practice before the year 1930. Following the introduction of Habel's test, it has become a general practice to employ this test for the assay of the immunogenicity of rabies vaccine. In Japan too, this test is used for the assay of both human and animal vaccine.
In order to eliminate the fault of Habel's test which shows a socalled paradoxical phenomenon (lower fatality of the mice receiving larger challenge dose), attempts were made to improve the method of immunization and challenge. A study was also made on the possibility of expressing the immunizing effect of vaccine by the amount of effective tissue inoculated. Stated in the following are the results of such studies made on different vaccines prepared by the author himself.
1. When DD stock mice are used, those immunized with the vaccine of the dilutions within a certain limit show the results from total death to total survival by the change of the challenge dose, namely, it was found that within a certain limit the immunizing dose, there exists a correlation between immunizing dose and of challenge dose.
2. Various kinds of rabies vaccines, some of which were actually in use and some under test production, were prepared and their immunogenicity was compared, in the term of the amount of the effective immunogenic tissue contained, employing varying dilutions of the vaccine and a constant dose of challenge. The results showed that all the brain tissue vaccines prepared in the present study were similar in their immunogenicity, the inoculation of vaccine in a concentration of around 0.1% protecting the mice against the intracerebral challenge of 5-20 LD₅₀. Vaccines prepared by the use of the spinal cord, however, showed poor immunogenicity.
3. The vaccines prepared in the present study showed virtually no deterioration in their immunogenicity by the storage in a cold chamber (0-4°C) for 6 months. Freeze-drying gave no change in the immunogenicity of the vaccine inactivated by the irradiation of ultraviolet ray.
4. Inoculation of the vaccine equivalent to 0.1% brain tissue dilution in a dose of 0.5 ml repeated for 2 times could protect the immunized mice against the challenge the fixed virus which caused the death of nearly all the mice of the control group with the level of significance X²<0.01 and, moreover, it could protect the animal completely against the intramuscular challenge of the street virus.

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Influence of Cortisone on C. albicans infection was investigated inoculating the organisms on allantoic membrane of embryonated hen eggs (12th day of hatching). The results were as follows:
1) The mortality rate of embryo became higher as the result of cortisone as compared with the single inoculation of C. albicans.
2) The growth of embryo at the day of hatch proved to be poor in the group of combined cortisone use as compared to that of single inoculation.
3) The fluid amount of allantoic sac was found less abundant in the group of C. albicans-single inoculation and in that of combined inoculation of Candida and cortisone than in the contrast group. In the group of cortisone single use the fluid amount demonstrated an increasing tendency.
4) No difference of the weight of heart, liver and kidney was recognized between the group of single inoculation and that of combined cortisone use.
5) The rate of positive culture of Candida inoculated from the allantoic fluid, heart, liver and kidney was much higher at the day of hatch in the combined cortisone inoculation group than in the single inoculation group.
6) Pathological findings in the liver and kidney showed no significant difference between the two groups, demonstrating invasion of Candida inoculated in all the organs.

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