The treatment of typhoid carrier state within the biliary duct, atpresent, belongs to a most difficult problem which still remains unsolved by cholecystectomy. Despite the obvious therapeutic benefits of chloramphenicol in typhoid fever, typhoid carrier state is not permanently cleared by the antibiotic as shown by several investigators.
1) Using Brüh1's method, we succeeded to eradicate S. typhosa from the hosts immediately in two chronic typhoid carriers by performing cholecystostomy and perfusing the gallbladder and the extra- and intrahepatic biliary duct with chloramphenicol suspension, while sphincter sddi was being closed by Vagostigmin injection.
2) The antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol was difficult to be exhibited in the bile when administered orally or intramuscularly and the bactericidal effect of the antibiotic was shown only at an extremely high concentration of the drug injected directly into the biliary duct.
3) Concentrations of chloramphenicol in the bile following the oral or intramuscular administration of the antibiotic were much lower than the level necessary to eliminate typhoid bacilli within the bile.

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There occurred an epidemic of febrile disease among the inhabitants of Makimoto Village in Fukushima Prefecture from the 1st May, 1954. It was followed by a similar one in Ozato Village. Epidemics of the same type became also prevalent in the middle of May among the school boys of Sukagawa First Junior High School and Iwase Junior High School. At the former 340 out of 1, 100 boys, and at the latter 41 out of 276, were infected. The present report includes clinical symptoms and serological reactions examined on 100 boys of the two schools.
1) The patients had headache, fever, cough, sputum, lassitude and rhinitis. Furthermore, most of them were accompanied by severe nosebleed.
2) On the whole, there was hardly any objective sign, which could characterize the disease Leukocyte count showed normal or slightly reduced values. Moderate lymphocytosis was confirmed throughout the course of disease. Remarkable shift of leukocyte nuclei to the left was observed at the early stage. Plasma cells did not appear in hemogram.
3) By the hemagglutination inhibition test with Influenza virus types A (PR, 8 strains), A'(Kojiya, 2 strains) and B (Tokyo, 1-52, 4 strains), the epidemic was identi fled as one due to Influenza virus B.
4) The disease was extremely contagious among the school boys. it could be brought to subside at the Sukagawa First Junior High School only when the school was closed for 8 days. No serious infection was experienced, which might endanger the patient.

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At the end of March 1956, an influenza epidemic occurred in Gunma Prefecture, and by virus isolation and serological tests it was identified as one due to the type A.
In the course of this epidemic 7 strains were isolated in this district, and the hemagglutination inhibition test with RDE-treated immune sera indicated a close antigenic relation of these strains to the current strain of influenza A. Antigenic structure of these strains were similar to that of Ashiya 1-55 strain or Omachi 1-53 strain but. different from that of PR 8.
The virus was indistinguishable from the hitherto described influenza A virus in the thermo-stability of its hemagglutinin and in the rate of elution from erythrocytes.
From 11 patients the serum was obtained either paired at the acute and convalescent stages or at the latter stage alone and submitted to hemagglutination inhibition test. with 5 prototype strains of influenza and HVJ viruses.
Almost all patients exhibited a significant rise of antibody to the current strain of influenza A in the convalescent phase.
RDE prepared from the culture filtrate of V. cholerae and employed in the abovementioned test, contributed much to yield clear-cut results, because it eliminated nonspecific inhibitor in the antisera without imparing specific antibodies.

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It is well known that Streptococci belonging to the viridans group are frequently found in the upper respiratory tract of man. Their biochemical and serological characteristics are extremely complicated as previously reported by the author. It was also pointed out in the previous report that Streptococcus sanguis, a species of the viridans streptococcus group and known as one of the pathogens of subacute bacterial endocarditis, could not be regarded as a normal inhabitant of human nasopharyngeal mucosa.
To explore a possible variation of other viridans streptococci to Streptococcus sanguis, and with that to examine the adequacy of taxonomy of this bacterial group, the stability of the viridans streptococcus group was investigated in its various properties.
Four strains of Streptococcus mitts isolated from the nasopharyngeal mucosa of 4 healthy persons, and a strain of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from the blood of a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis were cultured aerobically on horse blood agar Plates for 48 hours. Each of the strains was subcultured successively on the same agar, Streptococcus mitts down to the 100th transfer and Streptococcus sanguis to the 50th. Biochemical and serological aspects of each strain were checked at every 10th transfer. Under this condition, the biochemical qualities of Streptococcus mitts were liable to non-directed and unstable changes. Serologically the group reactions among the strains tested were changeable and unstable. These circumstances were regarded to be the cause to complicate the classification of Streptococcus viridans and to obscure the causative organism in infections associated with this bacterial group.
Contrary to these strains, Streptococcus sanguis was stable in its characteristics under successive transfers so far tested, and indicated a different nature from that of other members of the viridans streptococcus group belonging to normal inhabitants of human nasopharyngeal mucosa.

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1) Glycerinated Merzonin vaccine, a rabies vaccine prepared through an in activation process with glycerin and Merzonin, proved to be slightly more potent than the original Merzonin vaccine. Inactivation by glycerin alone reduced the potency of the vaccine remarkably. The Merzonin vaccine was better reinforced in its potency by 1% gelatin than by 5-10% sucrose. The former could nearly substitute glycerin to produce a high potency vaccine.
2) Glycerinated Merzonin vaccine exhibited a greater resistance than the original Merzonin vaccine, when exposed to a wide temperature range. Its potency was not lowered by -10°C, nor by +43°C. Consequently, the vaccine was not only superior to the original one in its antigenicity, but it could be preserved better.
3) Even the ordinary Merzonin vaccine could maintain its original fiter at least for a year, when stored at 4°C. A sample, which had a potency of 2, 401, 100 (+) immediately after the production, still kept a potency of 10, 000 after 3 years' storage at that temperature. The phenolized vaccine, which was prepared after the “minimum requirement” and had a potency of 125, 900 at the time of production, lost its potency to 50, 100 already after 4 months, to 1/5 of the original fiter after a year and to only 158 (-) after 3 years. Phenolized vaccine, even when glycerinated, still evidently inferior in its antigenicity to the glycerinated Merzonin vaccine.
4) The potency of vaccine, prepared by ultraviolet irradiation from the same brain material employed for the Merzonin and the glycerinated Merzonin vaccines, was always slightly lower to that of the latter group.
5) Provided that the original vaccine is sufficiently potent, a certain degree of dilution or centrifugation was regarded to be applicable in a practical use without impairing antigenicity.
6) Twenty-six human cases bitten by rabietic dogs were inoculated with 0.2cc of 10% Merzonin vaccine 7 times in 4 to 7 days. Neither rabies nor accidental side effects of vaccination developed in any case.

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A toxic substance was demonstrated in the liquid culture filtrate of Animal C streptococci belonging to the C group hemolytic streptococci. it caused death in mice, induced reddening, swelling and induration of rabbits' skin when injected intracutaneously, reduced its toxicity by heat and was inactivated in a short time, when preserved at 37°C in a weak-alkaline medium with additional formalin. Rabbits' serum obtained after repeated intravenous injection of the substance effected neutralisation of the toxin. These results indicated an exotoxic nature of the substance. This substance per se or the toxoid prepared by an in activation procedure with formalin could actively immunize mice when injected repeatedly, and thus protected them in a certain limit from an attack with living cocci.

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