Isolations of Gram negative bacilli (abbreviated as GNB) from sputa of in-patients with tuberculosis were carried out using BTB Drigalski's media, once in every three weeks, during the more than two years period from Sept. 1964 to Dec. 1966. The number of patients tested at one time ranged from 30 to 50 In the course of the survey. The kinds of antibiotics used included SM, KM, VM, CPM, and PE-PC.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The isolation rate of GNB ranged from 20% to 60%.
2. The most frequent occurrence was Klebsiella, followed by Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Citrobacter in that order.
3. GNB of same genus could be trailed either continuously or intermittently in many individual cases. In the case of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, identifications were done by means of K-antigen typing and T-serotyping, respectively.
4. Susceptibility tests of isolated GNB to CP, TC, SM, and KM revealed that the rate of SM-resistant bacilli reached as much as 52% and KM-resistant ones, 37%.
5. Only two cases with Serratia showed very long persistence of the organisms.
6. There were many cases in which GNB began to be isolated as early as one or two months after the admission to our hospital.
7. Patients who had had longer periods of hospitalization tended to become continual excreter of GNB.
8. In any cases, deteriolation of clinical symptoms which is thought to be due to abundant growth of GNB in the respiratory tracts was not encountered.

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1. The authors demonstrated that Group A hemolytic streptococci reappeared shortly after the antibiotic treatment had been discontinued, on the throat cultures of 126 (25%) among 494 confirmed cases of scarlet fever admitted to the Komagome Hospital during the past 3 years.
2. Baced on the data obtained from 55 inpatients, in whom the types of Group A hemolytic streptococci isolated before and after the antibiotic treatment were serologically determined, they were classified into 3 categories designated as (1) relapse group, including 32 cases who excreted same type of streptococci through the course of illness, (2) reinfection group, comprising 19 cases who occurred the type alteration of streptococci before and after the treatment, and (3) mixed group of (1) and (2), including 4 cases respectively.
3. The authors estimated, therefore, that approximately one tenth of the inpatients would be reinfected with Group A hemolytic streptococci from other patients during their hospitalization.
4. The most frequent types of Group A streptococci isolated from the relapsing and reinfected cases were shown to be “Untyped” or Type 6 as well as those obtained on admission.
5. There were almost no differences in the clinical findings between the relapse and reinfection roups.
6. Incubation period in the reinfection group were generally 2 to 3 days, but, being shorter in some cases.
7. The authors emphasize, as the result of this report, that in assessing the therapeutic effects of antibiotics on scarlet fever, it is indispensable to exclude the reinfection and occasional contamination with streptococci after treatment by continuous examination for streptococci from patients and type-determination of the isolates.

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It was not so far back in the past when the drug resistance of Shigella raised concern among public as well as professional circles. However, since drug resistant Shigella was at first isolated in 1954, not only Shigella but also various intestinal flora with high antibiotic resistance have incessantly and increasinglybeen reported. Drug resistance of Escherichia coli is also one of the problems on which attentions of both bacteriologist and clinicians have been paid.
It is thought to be of much value to check the antibiotic resistance of pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic intestinal microorganisms at the present stage almost fifteen years after the first isolation of drug resistant Shigella becilli. In this respect, comparative studies concerning drug resistance between some standard strains which were isolated prior to the era of such wide use of antibiotics and recently isolated strains of Shigella, Salmonella and Escherichia coli, were conducted.
Surveyed were 43 strains of Ewing's standard Shigella, 410 of Shigella isolated in Kawasaki city in 1966 (262 strains) and in 1967 (148), 38 of Edwards's standard Salmonella, 60 of Salmonella typhosa isolated at several institutes in Tokyo and Kanagawa prefecture in 1964-1966, 128 of Salmonella other than typhosa isolated in Kawasaki city in 1966-1967 from human beings, 200 of Salmonella isolated from animals, 100 of Salmonella originated from the river water, 90 of Kauffmann's standard Escherichia coli, 500 of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy kitchen workers and 31 of Escherichia coli isolated from dysentery patients. Antibiotics tested for the drug resistance were both usual ones such as CP, TC, SM and SA and secondary ones such as Kanamycin (KM), Colistin (CL), Frazoridon (FZ), Narisic Acid (NA), Aminobenzyl Penicillin (AP), and Paromomycin (PM). In addition, to see relations of colicin types with drug resistance, colicin typing was done on Shigella sonnei.
Bacilli viable in 100 mcg/ml concentrations of any one or more of above mentioned ten drugs were referred as drug resistant.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Drug resistance of Shigella:
1) No drug resistant bacilli were found in Ewing's standard strains.
2) In Shigella flexneri isolated in 1966, the incidence rate of drug resistant bacilli was 100%, 63.6% being singly SA-resistant, followed by 22.7% of quadruple (CP, TC, SM, SA) resistant ones. In 1967, the rate as a whole dropped to 87.9%, singly SA-resistant ones decreased whereas quadruple (CP, TC, SM, SA) resistant ones remarkably increased (54.5%).
3) In Shigella sonnei, the rate was 97.9% and 100% in 1966 and 1967 respectively, most of them being quadruple (CP, TC, SM, SA) resistant. One strain of the isolates in 1967 demonstrated multiple (including AP) drug resistance.
4) Colicin type 14 was predominant among Shigella sonnei isolated both in 1966 and in 1967, followed by type 6, sum total of the two reaching about 90%. Most of them were found quadruple (CP, TC, SM, SA) resistant.
2. Drug resistance of Salmonella:
The lowest in the incidence rate of drug resistant strains was Salmonella typhosa (1.5%), followed by Edwards' standard strains (19.2%), strains from animals (32%), strains from the river water (60%). Salmonella isolated from human beings showed the highest rate (73.9%). Most of these Salmonella showed single (SA) drug resistance, whereas multiple drug resistance including AP-resistance has emerged in the small number of them.
3. Drug resistance of Escherichia coli:
The incidence rate of drug resistant strains was 7.2% in Kauffmann's standard strains, 22.6% in strains from healthy persons, and 48.4% in strains from dysentery patients. Drug resistance patterns of the standard strains were almost the same as those of strains from healthy persons, showing mostly single or duple resistance to SA, SM, or AP.

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