Yeast and yeastlike fungi are widely utilized in the fermentation industry in Japan, Europe and U.S.A. Mycotorula japonica (candida tropicalis) is used in pulp and wood saccharification industry in order to deal with the pentose in waste product. And, dried fungi are employed to feed domestic animals to raise fishes or to manufacture yeast drugs and seasonings. Urged by recent reports of candida infections caused by candida tropicalis, the following experiments were carried out by the author in order to study whether the pathogenicity of candida tropicalis, candida utilis, candida humicola, saccharomyces cervisiae etc. would be elevated by the administration of cortison or alloxan to mice.
The results were follows:
1. Candida tropicalis singly showed only a slight pathogenicity, but if cortison alone or together with aloxan is administered, an elevation of pathogenicity was recognized, especially in the latter demonstrating extensive abscess formation in various organs. 2. Eight other yeasts or yeastlike fungi, known as non-pathogen hardly demonstrated an increase of pathogenicity by cortison.
3. For preventive medicine is important the possiblity that yeast or yeastlike fungus used in the industry can convert to a pathogenic agent in cases of reduction of body resistance.

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Arizona originally described by Coldwall and Ryerson as pateogenic agents of certain reptiles are allied organisms of Salmonella. There have been few reports on these organisms in our country.
The authors tried to isolate these bacilli from faeces of the patients patients suffering from diarrhoea as well as healthy persons in Kawasaki city, Kanagawa Prefecture from January to December, 1955.
Twenty-four out of 525 H₂S producing strains isolated from faeces gave positive agglutination against mixed Arizona O-antisera. By the tube agglutination test and the absorption test, the somatic antigens of these 24 strains proved to be identical with some of the standard strains of Arizona, which were sent to us by Dr. Edwards.
The somatic antigens of the isolated strains were as follows:
Arizona O group 3…1 strain
Arizona O group 7…1 strain
Arizona O group 8…12 strains
Arizona O group 10…5 strains
Arizona O group 11…1 strainArizona O group 12…1 strain
Arizona O group 15…3 strain
Among these strains, 14 were derived from patients and their families, and 10 fromhealthy persons.
Flagellar antigens of these organisms are not yet studied.
Biochemical properties of these strains were different from those of the standard strains, in paticular in the dulcitol, sucrose and salicin utilizability, gelatin liquefaction property, KCN test as well as Indol reaction.

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By means of intranasal inoculation of culture filtrate of staphylococcus aureus an extensive red consolidation was produced by the author in the lung of mice.
1. The consolidation factor seems to be intimately related to thermolabile alphahemolysin.
2. The consolidation was perfectly prevented by the previous neutralization of culture fluid.
3. When suspension of staphylococci was inoculated intranasally into mice together with the culture filtrate or influenza virus (PR8), the resulting consolidation facilitated the growth of staphylococci in the lung.
4. Lung consolidation due to the hemolysin was completely inhibited by previous administration of an adequate dose of chlorpromazine, tetraethylammonium bromide or cortisone, suggesting that the consolidation resulted from stimulation of vegetative nervous system by the toxin.

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Minimal growth-inhibiting concentrations of six antibiotics, i. e. streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline and kanamycin, and a sulfadrug, sulfadiazine, to dysentery bacilli isolated from 1953 to 1957, were investigated using agarplate method in the case of antibiotics, and using the broth method in the case of sulfadiazine, respectively.
The results were as follows:
1) There was no tendency of the sensitivities of dysentery bacilli to antibiotics going down gradually year by year but highly drug-resistant strains were isolated in 1953, 1955, 1956 and 1957. Sensitivity to sulfadiazine of dysentery bacilli was approximately constant.
2) Sensitivities to antibiotics of dysentery bacilli isolated in U.S.A. in and before 1953 were slightly higher than those isolated in Japan in 1954. Fifteen of 23 strains (65%) of dysentery bacilli isolated in U.S.A., 5 of 11 strains (45%) isolated in Korea in 1954, but only 20%(5 of 28 strains) of dysentery bacilli isolated in 1954, were sensitive to sulfadiazine.
3) The number of Sh. fl. 2b decreased, but the number of Sh. fl. 2a, 3a and Sh. sonnei increased year by year.
4) The method of drug-sensitivity test was discussed.

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The total reducing substance and true blood sugar level were measured with the Hagedorn-Jensen method (H) and Fujita-Iwatake method (F) with “ekiri” patients in order to investigate the dynamics of development of this condition. The results were as follows:
1. The blood sugar level of 10 healthy infants early in the morning were as follows:
101-81 mg/dl, average 91.1 mg/d1 arterial blood (H)
101-77 mg/dl, average 88.1 mg/dl venous blood (H)
99-75 mg/dl, average 86.0 mg/dl arterial blood (F)
95-70 mg/dl, average 82.4 mg/dl venous blood (F)
In all cases H was higher than F.
The concentration of reducing non-glucose substance (H-F):
11.0-2.0 mg/dl, average 6.0 mg/dl arterial blood
7.0-3.0 mg/dl, average 5.7 mg/dl venous blood
2. The sugar level after H rose till 20 hrs after the onset, then dropped rather deeply between 30-48 hrs., mounting thereafter gradually again to the normal level. F showed, though low, the same curve. The curve in dysentery demonstrated also in the acute stage an increasing tendency, though the shift was far smaller than “ekiri”
3. Regarding the difference between arterial and venous level after H and F, the latter was higher than the former in a fairly great mumber of “ekiri” cases. Consequently, it seemed that in the height of “ekiri” adrenalin stimulation took place incontinually and frequently, causing a mobilisation of true sugar together with reducing nonglucose substances. All cases of dysentery demonstrated the following relation: arterial level>venous level except 3 cases (H) and one case (F).
4. Regarding the concentration of the residual reducing substances (H-F), the shift was greater in “ekiri” than in dysentery.
This fact suggests that it was the residual reducing substances other than true sugar which increased in the acute stage of “ekiri”. On the other hand, concerning the difference between arterial and venous (H-F), “ekiri” as well as dysentery showed the relation venous>level arterial level, which was, however more remarkable in “ekiri” than in dysentery. It was supposed that non-glucose reducing substances came into the blood stream, and driven off from the muscle because of muscle spasm. This might be the essential difference between “ekiri” and dysentery.

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Four autopsy cases of pneumonia were experienced in our hospital during the influenza epidemic in all Japan from summer to winter in 1957.
Case I: 21-year-old female. Influenza-like onset with a high fever and dyspnea. Hospitalized under the diagnosis of laryngeal diphtheria.
Case II: 6-year-old male. Sudden onset of dyspnea and unconsciousness. Expired under the so-called “ekiri reaction”.
Case III: 54-year-old male. Hypertonic person. Influenza-like onset with cramps.Expired with acute heart insufficiency
Case IV: 17-year-old female. Expired under the septic signs and symptoms.
The major findings of these four cases were the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, i. e. purulent tracheitis and bronchitis associated with hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia. Degeneration, necrosis and regeneration of the epithelium of mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract were histologically noted, which have been described by Straub and Mulder as the findings characteristic of influenza virus infection. The interpretation of these investigators could not be fully agreed by the author. However, from the clinical course, the occurrence during the actually prevailing epidemic, the involvement of the upper respiratory tract and also the histological findings, an influenza virus infection might be concluded in these four cases, though no test was performed for the confirmation of viral infection.
From 2 cases, staphylococcus, probably originating from a secondary infection was isolated.

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