The mode of incidence was discussed of the encephalitis cases experienced in Kitatama district in 1955.
A table, representing the clinical symptoms in scores, was proposed by the author to facilitate a distinct grading of clinical symptoms.
The therapeutic effect of PANS-610 TW (4-acetylamino-naphthalene-1-lauroyl sulfonamide+Tween 80) on encephalitis was examined and its use was recommended by the author. The average mortality rate of encephalitis from 1948 to 1954 was 29.4%, while that in 1955 was reduced to 16.1%, owing to the effect of PANS-610 TW.
The medicament was given to the encephalitis patients until the fever began to fall, 3 or 4 times daily in a dosage of 8 mg/kg at each time. The disappearance of neurological symptoms was accelerated by the medicament, compared with the control group. The effects on the cases, in which the symptoms were represented by more that 13 in the score table, were not so impressive. The final results, however, demonstrated a favourable effect of the treatment in reducing the mortality rate even in such cases in which sequelae were anticipated if recovery took place.
A favourable effect of chlorpromazine was confirmed in suppressing vomiting and convulsion.
The author further reported an incidence of encephalitis for successive 3 years in a family.

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A comparative epidemiological research was performed on typhus and murine typhus cases, which were reported in Tokyo district in the four years from 1947 to 1950. The diagnosis was based on the complement fixation test.
1) The seasonal distribution of both diseases was characterized by their prevalence in the season from winter to spring, which might favour the parasitic state of fleas and lice.
2) The local distribution of typhus was more or less confined to the so-called insanitary areas, where it was apt to be transmitted. The incidence of murine typhus was, on the contrary, sporadic and more frequently encountered in rural districts.
3) The incidence of the diseases was higher in the male. However, the difference according to sex was not so distinct in murine typhus as in typhus. The age morbidity curve revealed no definite tendency. This was attributed to the fact, that the majority of typhus cases belonged to mass. incidences among the inhabitants under particular social conditions.
4) The case mortality of typhus was generally remarkably higher than that of murine typhus, and rose with increasing ages.
5) Family infection and mass incidence represented the predominant feature of typhus infection. These modes of infection were confirmed in none of murine typhus cases.
6) The possible incitements in two weeks before the onset of the diseases were investigated. No significant difference was discovered between those of both diseases.
7) No significant difference in environments, such as geographical, residential and sanitary conditions, was observed between the two diseases, with the exception in some particular incidences, as those in the Metropolitan Asylum in 1947 and among the vagrants in 1950.
8) Initial symptoms, such as meningeal symptoms, auditory disorders, congestion of conjunctiva, fever, changes in pulse, were all significantly severer in typhus cases than in murine typhus cases.
9) In general, typhus cases required longer hospitalization periods than murine typhus cases. However, the typhus patients, who had been vaccinated against typhus, recovered even more promptly than murine typhus cases, and indicated the effectiveness of typhus vaccination.

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The intravenous injection of PANS No.610 to the mice, which had been infected with Japanese B encephalitis virus pernasally, showed some tendency to reduce the histopathological changes of encephalitis, such as glial nodules, perivascular cuffing with inflammatory cells in the brain and cellular infiltration in the meninges. It was accordingly concluded that PANS No.610 had therapeutic effects on experimental Japanese B encephalitis of mice to some extent.

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The injection of Pans No.610 into the auricular vein of rabbits caused paralysis and marked dilatation of the vein. The permeability of the local vessels was increased consequently, causing edema and hemorrhage in the surrounding tissue, and with thrombus formation. On rare occasions thrombophlebitis with leukocytic infiltration was observed as a maximum lesion of this kind.
The addition of Tween 80 to PANS No.610 inhibited the angioparetic effect of PANS No.610 remarkably, and reduced the resulting changes described above.
Visceral organs of rabbits injected with PANS No.610 intravenously did not show so marked histopathologic changes as those seen in and around the auricular vein. Hemoglobin casts were noticed in the kidneys of an animal in the group, to which PANS No.610 was injected. Such changes were not induced by the medicament with additional Tween 80.

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The authors recently experienced a patient with high remittent fever, from the sputum. of whom a Candida strain was isolated and identified as Candida albicans on atcount of its biological properties. Because of a rather frequent appearance of Candida albicans in the sputum of healthy persons, a preliminary investigation was carried out to demonstrate the organism from the sputum of healthy persons, consisting of doctors, nursing persons and bank employees, and from that of patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. The rate of positive isolation was 15.5% with the healthy persons and 21.2% with the tuberculosis patients, and agreed approximately with the results of other investigators. The female showed a higher isolation rate than the male.
A complement fixation test was further introduced into the study of candidasis as a supportive method in the diagnosis. A polysaccharide fraction, extracted from the bacterial body, was used as the antigen, and the reaction was examined with the serum of the patient, suspected of candidasis, and with the sera of healthy persons and patients of other diseases. The reaction of the serum of the suspected patient was positive to a dilution of 40 times. On the contrary, the sera of healthy persons and the patients of other diseases never showed a positive reaction over 5 to 10 times dilution, even if Candida was demonstrated in the sputum.

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In the first report it was noticed that the serum of a patient, suspected of candidasis, . exhibited a positive reaction in the complement fixation test with a polysaccharide antigen, extracted from the body of Candida albicans, to 40 times dilution of the serum. On the other hand, the sera of some tuberculosis patient gave a positive, if weaker, reaction with the antigen, and a decisive conclusion was not reached in the first report, whether the positive reaction was due to a concurrent candidasis. In the present report the sputa of 203 patients of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis were examined for Candida, and the complement fixation tests with the patient sera were also carried out, with the f ollowing results.
1) The rate of positive isolation of Candida from the sputa of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was 48.2%, and that by three successive examinations was 13.3%.
2) Candida was demonstrated from the sputa of the patients, who exhibited a positive complement fixation reaction. Almost all of those, who did not discharge Candida in sputa, had a negative complement fixation reaction.
3) The majority of those, who had a positive complement fixation reaction, were such Candida carriers, who discharged the organism continuously. Carriers, who excreted the organism intermittently, exhibited, if any, only low titers in the complement fixation test. No clinical importance attached, therefore, to intermittent carriers.
4) The clinical symptoms of 8 persons were investigated, who had a positive complement fixation reaction over 20 times of serum dilution. Four severe cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were found in them. Further observations would be required for these cases.

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A score table was proposed by the authors to establish a standard for the judgement of the severity of disease in encephalitis cases. The number in each item was determined by the fatality rate in reference to each symptom. The therapeutic effects of PANS-610 TW1) and PANS-9222) were investigated according to the table. It was revealed that these medicaments had a prompt defervescent action (Table 4) and were effective in reducing the f atality (Table 5) and in prolonging the lifetime of the patients (Table 8). No significant side effects were observed. However, there were certain limits in the effects of the medicaments. They could display their effects only on such cases, the severity of which was represented by not more than 16 in the score table, and only when they Were administered earlier than on the 5th day of disease (Tables 6 and 7). Though an effective treatment of severer cases must be left to further improvements of PANSderivatives, the present PANS-preparations still give a promising prospect in the therapy of encephalitis, which is otherwise refractory to medical treatment.
1) 14-acetyl-amino-naphthalin-1-lauroyl sulfonamide+Tween 80
2) N-lauroyl-gluthamic acid

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