Experimental studies of staphylococcal enteritis were carried out on guineapigs using two strains of staphylococcus aureus, pathogenic and non-pathogenic, originating from the stool of dysentery patients which differed from each other in serum coagulation and other biological properties,
After systemic resistance and intestinal flora of guineapigs were changed by the use of SM and CC14, each of the two living strains were orally given to the animals.
Their persistency and multiplication in the intestine of the animals, systemic reaction and macroscopical findings were compared with those of the nontreated contrast animals, in order to clarify the developmental mechanism of staphylococcal enteritis.
The serum-coagulating strain demonstrated persistency and multiplication, though not of a long duration, in the intestine of all the animals pretreated with SM and CC14, which then all died from septicemia or typical toxemia, whereas the serumnoncoagulating strain exhibited no persistency or multiplication in the intestine of the nontreated contrast animals as well as those pretreated, i. e. even under the altered conditions of the host side.

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Problems of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal infections have been reviewed with particular reference to the epidemiology and management.
A close correlation was found between consumption of antibiotics and occurrence of staphylococcal resistance. The epidemic strain, notably of 80/81 phage type, appeared to possess enhanced virulence in many outbreaks, as pointed out by various investigators.
The role of healthy carriers, especially of nasal carriers, in propagating staphylococcal diseases has been discussed along with considerations on the mechanism ofnasal carriage of resistant strains. Perineal and fecal carriers were also mentioned as important sources of dissemination.
It is felt by the author that the control of “hospital” staphylococcal infections is inseparablly related to the rational use of chemotherapeutic drugs. Antibiotic treatment of resistant staphylococcal infections was described in connection with informations concerning the two types of antibiotics, bactericidal and bacteriostatic, classified according to their antistaphylococcal activities in vitro. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin, oleandomycin, leucomycin and ristocetin are considered as bacteriostatic agents against staphylococci. Each of these drugs as well as bactericidal antibiotics including penicillin, streptomycin, bacitracin, neomycin, kanamycin and vancomycin was given a brief account of its route of administration, dosage and untoward side effects.
The difficulties in handling severe cases of staphylococcal infection demonstrable with discrepancies between laboratory data and clinical response have never been fully explained. An experimental study by Prof. Yow and the writer was not conclusive as to the possibility that a large bacterial population might minimize the action of certain antibiotics.

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Antigens for the complement fixation tests were prepared from brains of rabid rabbits and dogs, those of normal rabbits and dogs after Ando's method and those digested by trypsin, pepsin, papain or pancreatin.
Trypsin and pancreatin-digested-antigens, especially trypsin-digested-antigen, showed higher titers in complement fixation tests as compared with Ando's antigen, when undiluted antigens were used to antibody dilution method.
It was supposed, therefore, that complement fixation tests with trypsin-digestedantigens were practical and effectual and it should be more so, if both of the trypsindigested and Ando's antigen were employed
When treated with amyl-alcohol, the trypsin- and pancreatin-digested-antigensconverted to negative in complement fixation tests and titers of the antigens prepared from purified rabies brains were lowered to titers of those from fresh rabies brains.

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The morbidity rate of dysentery which demonstrated a figure of 154. 6 in 1951 decreased gradually to 42. 5 in 1959.
The mortality rate which was as high as 41. 3 in 1949 was gradually lowered to 2. 8 in 1956 and to 4. 9 in 1957, however, elevated again to 13. 7 in 1959.
Healthy carriers of dysentery bacilli were found in 1. 2% in 1956, in 1. 4% in 1957, in 2. 3% in 1958 and 3. 0% in 1959, indicating a gradual increase.
The epidemic types of dysentery bacilli from 1956 to 1959 were Sh. flexneri la (1. 5%), lb (3. 6%), 2a (19. 090), 2b (25. 6%), 3a (20. 2%), 4a (2. 6%), var. X (1. 0%), var. Y (0. 5%), Sh. boydii 2 (0. 5%) and Sh. sonnei (16. 5%), so that Sh. flex. 2 played a major role, however, in 1959 Sh. flex. 3a and Sh. sonnei demonstrated an increase.
S. posdam and S. tennessee were isolated from 2 infants suffering from “Ekiri ” syndrome. E. coli 0-143 was isolated from an adult patient suffering from dysenterylike symptoms.
The majority of dysentery bacilli isolated demonstrated positive quinone reaction, whereas 82. 5% of Sh. flex. 3a and 21. 9% of Sh. sonnei proved negative.
A relationship was found between the sulphathyasol-sensitivity and the quinonereaction, i. e. 80.7% of Sh. flex. 3a and 34.4% of Sh. sonnei were sulphathyasol-sensitive.
Most strains were sensitive against chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline. Seven resistant strains (8.9 %) were isolated for the first time in 1959 (78 strains).
The seven resistant strains were ; 2 against SM alone (2.5 %), 3 against TC (3.9 %) and 2 against all the three antibiotics (2.5%).

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Pharmacology and antiviral property of Methodrine found at the author's Institutehave been described.
1: Pharmacological action.
Methodrine is rather of low toxicity and does not show remarkable influences on blood pressure, respiration, heart and intestine-movement, and moreover, it does not exert so strongly the C. N. S. stimulating action, hemolytic action, anti-acetylcholine, anti-histamine and anti-barium chloride actions.
2: Effect on Japanese B Encephalitis in mice
After the intraperitone'al inoculation of the Nakayama strain Methodrine was injected intravenously into mice as a single dose, then these mice were observed daily for 2 weeks. x² calculated from the survival ratio of both the control and the treated group showed a significant value.
3: Effect on the growth of Japanese B Encephalitis in the HeLa. The FIeLa-JapB system was used in the tissue culture experiments. When the Y. L. A. medium added with 5% ox serum was used for the maintenace medium, the inoculum size of Japanese B Encephalitis virus was 10^-4. Methodrine inhibits the growth of 10-3 of the Nakayama strain in the HeLa. It, however, does not possess any direct viral inactivating action on the virus.
From the above results, it may be suggested that methodrine shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of Japanese B Encephalitis virus in the intracellular site, and it should be a milestone to find an antiviral drug on the disease.

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The committee for chemotherapeutic research of Japanese B encephalitis was organized in 1957 in order to systemize therapeutic studies of the disease which had been carried out separately at different hospitals. The therapeutic results of Pans1335 were reported last year, and this year, therapeutic effects of Methodrine which was prepared at the Pharmaceutical Institute of Keio University were investigated by the members of the committee, joined anew by Yokohama Municipal Manji Hospital, in the standardized methods. Further information about Methodrine will be found in the report of Ueda et al published simulataneously.
1). The investigation was carried out with the Japanese B encephalitis patients hospitalized within the 4th day of illness in the above mentioned 6 hospitals in Tokyo and Yokohama districts. They were divided alternately in the order of hospitalization into 2 groups, the group treated with Methodrine and the contrast group. The diagnosis of Japanese B encephalitis was confirmed also by serological tests in the course of the disease and in dead cases autopsy was performed.
2). Methodrine was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 10 mg per kg 4 times a day for 5 days.
3). The Methodrine group consisted of 21 cases, the contrast group being 19 cases. There was no difference of therapeutic effects between the 2 groups according to the sex, age, the day of illness where the treatment was initiated, the body temperature and the degree of severity (shown in points).
4). There was no difference between the 2 groups according to the highest temperature, the highest point value and the day of illness where the fever subsided.
5). The mortalily rate was 38% in the Methodrine group and 26% in the contrast group. The complete recovery rate was 52% in the Methodrine group and 63% in the contrast group, however, according to the z2 test, 0.631 (P =44%) and 0.474 (P=49%) respectively. Consequently, no significant difference was recognized stochastically.
6). Concerning the side effects, induration or ulcer formation was observed in 21%, in the cases of superficial injection.

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1) Egg adapted and mouse adapted lines of four representative influenza virus strains have been compared on the production of neutralizing antibodies after intraperitoneal inoculation into dd mice. The tests were performed by the usual potency test and the virus dilution method and accurate vaccine doses-antibody formationcurves have been described.
2) The slopes of the curves of these strains were found to be slightly sharper than those of PR8 and FM1 strains which had been reported in the past literature and there was no difference between tested strains.
3) The comparision of these vaccine doses-antibody formation curves for egg adapted and mouse adapted lines showed that there was no difference between both lines in Al/Omachi/1/53, A2/Adachi/2/57 and B/Setagaya/3/56 strains, but in Al/Kumamoto- Y5/57 strain the mouse adapted line showed a slight higher immunogenecity than the egg-adapted line.
4) The significance of this experiment concerning the vaccine production was discussed.

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Biochemical and serological studies were carried out on 35 strains of E. coli 0 75 isolated from human stools. The strains were isolated in various parts of Japan, namely, in Mie Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Tokyo, Niigata Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture, from diarrheal cases and normal healthy persons.
The strains showed the typical biochemical characteristics of E. coli with respect to IMViC reactions and carbohydrate fermentation.
It was recognized that at least three serotypes could be distinguished among cultures belonging to 0 group 75 of E. coli tested. The antigenic schemes of the serotypes are 0 75: K-: 115, 0 75: K. (B·): 115 and 0 75: K-: H10, where K-indicates the absence of K antigen and K. (B·) indicates the presence of a K antigen (B antigen) different from the known K antigen 1 to 40.
Some of the strains of serotype 0 75: K. (B·): 1110 were derived from the cases of infantile enteritis (Hamashima enteritis) and from sporadic diarrheal cases, while others from normal healthy persons. All of the strains classified into 0 75: K-: 1110 were the isolates from an outbreak of food poisoning among children in a primary school. It is, however, considered that more concrete evidences shonld de accumulated until the enteropathogenicity of E. coli 0 75 to man is clearly demonstrated, where the serotypes studied in the present work will be helpful.
The authors are indebted to Dr. W.H. Ewing, communicable Disease Center, U.S.A., for his confirmation of the serotypes.

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The inhibitory effects of antifungal antibiotics were examined by means of the filamentous transformation of Candida albicans in Fiela tissue culture. Hydrocortisone succinate sodium significantly depressed the inhibitory effects of Trichomycin, Nystatin and Amphotericin B.
Diluting Hydrocortisone succinate sodium and antifungal antibiotics in tissue culture medium and Sabouraud medium, the interference of Hydrocortisone succinate sodium with the inhibitory action of antifungal antibiotics was recorded as the minimal inhibitory concentration on the visible turbidity after 24 hours incubation at 37°C, and these data were recorded with a continuous recording nephelometer.

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Regarding the metabolic disturbances due, to diphtheria toxaemia studies so far conducted have largely centered on carbohydrate metabolism.
In Chapter I, fluctuations in the blood sugar, lactic acid, pyruvic acid and citric acid levels of diphtheria patients were examined by the author and, in this chapter, changes in carbohydrate metabolism in experimental diphtheritic toxaemia was investigated.
The blood sugar, lactic acid and pyruvic acid levels were seen to rise temporarily after injection of diphtheria toxin, but go down subsequently, eventually leading to death.
The citric acid contents, following injection of diphtheria toxin, did not show any marked change, but were seen to rise sharply immediately prior to death.
With the group administered with diphtheria toxin-ATP, the fluctuations in theafore-mentioned contents were not apparent and the animals continued to live.
In the light of this, it was confirmed that ATP worked to prevent disturbancecaused by diphtheria toxin in the carbohydrate metabolism in a living body.

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Out of the 1490 strains isolated from cases admitted to Momoyama Hopsital with a diagnosis of dysentery in 1959, 240 strains showed a resistance against streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Out of the 327 strains isolated from the above cases in Jan. and Feb. 1960, 128 strains showed a resistance against the above drugs
An increase of resistant strains in 1960 over 1959 and the figure 72.8% occupied by Flexner 3a seem to constitute a problem for consideration for future treatment of dysentery.
The results of an additional review on Ochiai and Akiba's study concerning the resistance of dysentery bacilli to chemotherapeutic agents were as follows:
The requirement for a sensitive strain to convert to a drug resistant strain in a mixed culture of these two strains is the conditions where their co-existence and multiplication are acquired.
On a mixed culture over a period of 2-6 hours sensitive strains acquired a resistance.
The consumption of tryptophane showed no marked differences betweed sensitive and resistant strains.

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