Energy expenditure during sport activities has been determined traditionally by the Douglas Bag Method and the Motion Time Study. However, those two methods do not yield accurate values when used in long continuous and/or vigorous physical activities. This study, therefore, measured oxygen uptake by means of a portable device “Oxylog”, and determined the energy expenditure of many sport activities. The experiments were carried out with 13 untrained male subjects (UTS), and 30 trained male subjects (TS) . The 30 trained men consited of ten tennis players, ten badminton players and ten basketball players. UTS played one set of doubles (tennis), one set of singles (badminton), two sets of singles (table tennis), two games (bowling) and jogged 10 minutes, But TS played only their major sports : one set of doubles (tennis), one set of singles (badminton) and two 20-minute halves (basketball) . The results were 0.172±0.017kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for jogging (UTS), 0.146±0.028kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for badminton (TS), 0.133±0.021kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for basketball (TS), 0.130±0.018kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for badminton (UTS), 0.102±0.016kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for tennis (TS), 0.096±0.014kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for tennis (UTS), 0.089±0.019kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for table tennis (UTS), and 0.055±0.009kcal⋅kg^-1⋅min^-1 for bowling (UTS) . In comparison with UTS, TS exhibited higher values in tennis and badminton. This is considered to result from TS's better training. This result indicates that energy expenditure in playing sports activities depends on the level of player's ability. The method employed in of this study is believed to be the best choice at present. Many other sport activities must be reexamined in detail using this method.

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To evaluate the contribution of adenosine (AD) to exercise capacity, plasma concentrations of AD were assessed before, during and after dynamic exercise in 6 healthy men (24-32yr) . The exercise protocol was a symptom-limited ramp exercise test. Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory gas exchange parameters were monitored throughout the exercise test. The first exercise test (EX 1) was performed to determine the anaerobic threshold (AT) . The second exercise test (EX 2) was performed 2 days after EX 1 and blood samples for assay of AD, lactate and norepinephrine (NE) were taken from the cubital vein at rest, before and after AT, at peak exercise, and 5, 10, 15min after EX 2. Blood for assay of AD was collected into a vaccum tube with EDTA, dipyridamole and 2'-deoxycoformycin. Plasma AD concentrations were measured by the RIA.
The mean AD concentration±S. D. at rest, before and after AT, at peak exercise, 5, 10 and 15min after exercise was 22±11.8pmol/ml, 45±20.7, 63±33.6, 123±82.1, 186±146.9, 154±127.7 and 150±68.5, respectively. A significant increase of AD concentration was observed during the period from before AT until 15 min after exercise, as compared with that at rest. There was a significant relation between AD and lactate (r=0, 54, p<0.01), but there was no significant relation between AD and NE (r=0.08) .
It is concluded that AD may be a contributing factor to increase exercise capacity through its vasodilation effect, suggesting a paracrine interaction between the exercising skeletal muscle and blood vessels.

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Bone mineral content (BMC), fat weight (FAT) and lean tissue weight (LTW) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in 20 young adults of both sexes who were performing habitual exercise. From these data, body weight, lean body weight (LBW) and the percentage of BMC relative to LBW (BMC%LBW) were obtained. First, body density based on a two-component model (D₂) was calculated using the values of FAT and LBW of the subjects and the fat and lean densities of the Reference Body, Then percentage body fat (%Fat₂) was calculated using the formula of Brozek et al. The body density for a three-component model (D₃) was then determined from the values of FAT, BMC and LTW of the subjects, and the fat, bone mineral and lean tissue densities of the Reference Body. Percentage body fat (%Fat₃) was also calculated in the same manner as %Fat₂. Analysis of the data indicated that (1) females had higher values of BMC%LBW than males, and that (2) subjects whose %Fat₂ exceeded %Fat₃ by more than 1% were exclusively females whose BMC%LBW values were more than 6.1%. In contrast, those whose %Fat₂ was lower than %Fat₃ by less than -1% were exclusively males who had BMC%LBW values less than 5.2%. It is concluded that male subjects develop their muscles more than their bones with habitual exercise, which results in a lower BMC%LBW value than in females, and that for those with BMC%LBW values exceeding 6.1% (females) or less than 5.2% (males), %Fat calculation from body density using the formula of Brozek et a1. will produce an error of more than 1% if BMC%LBW is not considered.

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A study was designed to determine the effect of cooling down and massage on lower leg volume after heel-raising exercise in men. The subjects were six healthy athletes ranging in age from 18 to 23 years. Lower leg volume was measured at rest and after heel-raising exercise using Lundvall's volumetric method with a water-filled“boot”. Ten minutes of rhythmic heel-raising, performed at 45 times per minute, was monitored continuously using a mech-anograph.
Immediately after the end of exercise, each subject lay in a relaxed supine position and the leg was raised to 45 degrees. A cuff was then attached around the thigh, and the cuff pressure was increased to occlude the leg circulation. The leg volume was then determined in a standing position. After the first measurement of the lower leg, three kinds of treatment were applied for each subject (no treatment, one minute walking : total seven minutes, one minute massage : total five minutes) .
The results obtained were as follows ;
1) The slopes of the recovery curve of lower leg volume were more gentle with no treatment than with cooling down and massage.
2) The time constant (min) obtained from the decreasing curve of lower leg volume after heel-raising exercise was 10.2 for no treatment, 9.4 for cooling down and 6.4 for massage.
3) The total fluid accumulation volume in the lower leg (ml/l lower leg) following heel-raising exercise was 450.9 for no treatment, 288.9 for cooling down and 198.6 for massage.
It is suggested that such a disappearance of fluid accumulation in exercising muscles of the lower leg following cooling down and massage is due to a mechanical pump action against the surrouding local skeletal muscle tissues.

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本研究は咬合挙上装置 (Splint) の装着が筋力及び平衡性に与える影響を検討するために行われた.
1) Isometricでの筋力測定の結果, 背筋力, 脚伸展力, 足底屈筋力の等尺性最大筋力においてSplint装着時に有意な増加が認められた (p<0.05) .また腕屈曲力及び握力には有意差は認められなかった.
2) Cybex IIによる膝関節伸展・屈曲運動における等速性筋出力の測定では全ての角速度においてSplint装着時に有意な増加は認められなかった.
3) 平衡性テストでは足踏み検査における移行距離においてSplint装着時に有意な減少が認められた (P<0.01) .しかし, 移行距離および回転角度には有意差は認められなかった.
以上の結果より, Splint装着時に背筋力, 脚伸展力, 足底屈筋力の等尺性最大筋力に有意な増加が認められ (P<0.05) , 足踏み検査における移行距離が有意に減少したことから (P<0.01) , 筋力及び平衡性に与えるSplint装着の有効性が示唆された.

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外側腓腹筋, 内側腓腹筋, およびヒラメ筋の3つの筋群で構成される下腿三頭筋が, 足関節角度, 角速度および負荷強度といった諸条件の変化により, どのような活動様相を呈するか, 表面電極導出法により記録された筋放電活動を観察することにより, その活動様式に検討を加えた.その結果, 5～10%MVC程度の軽い負荷において;
1) 低速度6deg/sの足関節運動では, 腓腹筋は足関節角度の大きいところで, ヒラメ筋は小さいところで振幅が増大する傾向にあり, 各筋共に短縮性収縮に比べ伸張性収縮の方が筋電図積分値が小なる傾向が認められた.
2) 6, 30, 60deg/sと角速度の増大に伴い, 積分筋電図のピーク値は内側腓腹筋では7～15%有意に増大し, 逆に, ヒラメ筋では22～49%有意に減少した.速度に依存した運動単位の選択的動員が存在する可能性が推察された.
3) ヒラメ筋については, 6, 30, 60deg/sと角速度の増大に伴い, 筋電図積分値がピークに達するときの角度が有意に増大し, recruitment時の角度について速度依存性の存在が推察された.
本研究の要旨は, 第47回日本体力医学会大会および九州体育学会第41回大会で報告した.また, 本研究の一部は, 文部省科学研究費補助金一般研究B (課題番号03454537) によって行われた.

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The effects of changing daily exercise habit on body fat, serum lipids and symptom-limited maximal exercise test (treadmill by Balke protocol) were evaluated in healthy males and males with mild hypertension (MHT) aged 30 to 59 yr during a period of one year. The subjects were selected from males who underwent physical examination. The results were as follows :
A. HEALTHY MALES
Study 1 : Subjects who exercised regularly (3 times or more/week) showed higher exercise tolerance and HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and less body fat. Compared to inactive subjects (sports 0-2 times/week), exercise tolerance was higher in the group who tried to walk as much as possible in their every day life.
Study 2 : Inactive subjects without a family history of HT were classified by percentage body fat into three groups (H, M and L) . The obese group showed lower exercise tolerance, higher total cholesterol (TC) and lower HDLC. Heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (BPs) at the same load during the exercise test were higher in the obese group.
Study 3 : Revisited subjects who did not change their dietary habit for one year were selected from the average group of study 2. The subjects who increased their daily physical activity showed reduced body weight and body fat, increased exercise tolerance and HDLC, and lower HR and BPs under the same work load.
B. MALES WITH MILD HYPERTENSION
Study 4 : A similar study was conducted in inactive men with MHT (diastolic BP 90-104 mmHg), non-drug therapy at the first visit and no change in dietary habit for one year. Subjects who increased their daily activity for one year showed reduced body weight and body fat, and both resting BPs and BPd fell by 7 mmHg. HR and BPs decreased under the same work load.
These results suggest that an increase in daily physical activity improves physical fitness, reduces blood pressure and decreases body fat in previously healthy males and in males with MHT.

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