Authors planed to carry out a series of experiments that were to clarify the effects of mechanical factors of tillage devices upon soil resistance and soil stress distribution in furrow slice. A soil bin test device has been constructed for precise tillage test. Soil bin (16m length, 1.5m width, 0.9m depth), on which 400kg test car runs at the speed of 0.04-4.0m/s, is packed with clay loam soil, and enables us to measure soil resistance force components, soil stress distribution as well as soil deformation and movement.
The soil pulverization in tillage tests is estimated by measuring harrowing resistance by special model harrow blade and disc blade.

View full abstract

For the purpose of adaptation of LP Gas fuel to farm tractor, the authors studied some comparative experiments between gasoline and LP Gas.
As the results of those experiments, we found the next terms.
(1) Gasoline is higher than LP Gas fuel on brake horsepower, engine torque and brake thermal efficiency.
(2) On the rate of fuel consumption, LP Gas consumes much quantity than gasoline, but on the economical standpoint of fuel consumption, LP Gas is half as much as gasoline, which value is 7-9 yen/PS-h. This is the superior point of LP Gas.
(3) On the light load and small output, LP Gas wastes economical cost.
(4) On the light load and small output, LP Gas cannot continue constant revolution, and has variation of load and output. Therefore, we have to adjust frequently hand regulation of diaphragm of LP Gas convertor. LP Gas keeps the constant output at heavy load only.
Consequently, LP Gas is low in cost and has great benefit.
We are going to improve the maximum and over loaded output of LP Gas engine.

View full abstract

Weight distributions on the axle of the farm tractor and its variations due to the change of the situations of the tractor, i, e., weight transfers and the limit conditions which the tractor body is rotated around the rear axle by the moments and which the front wheels are risen above the soil surface are calculted theoretically as following equations.
1. Distributed loads on the front and the rear axles.
(1) Stopping tractor on the level surface……eq. (1)
(2) Stopping on the slope……(4), (5)
(3) Moving on the level……(12), (13)
(4) Moving on the level with drawbar pull……(9), (10)
(5) Moving on the slope with drawbar pull……(23), (24)
2. Weight transfers, (Increases of the loads on the rear axle).
(1) When the stopping tractor moves on the level……W₂
(2) When the moving tractor has the drawbar pull on the level……W₃
(3) When the stopping tractor moves with drawbar pull on the level……W₄
(4) When the stopping tractor on the level moves and stops on the slope……W₁
(5) When the moving tractor on the slope has the drawbar pull……W₅
(6) When the moving tractor on the level with drawbar pull moves on the slope……W₆
3. Limit conditions which the tractor body rotates backward around the rear axle.
(1) Tractor having the drawbar pull on the slope……(29), (30)
(2) Tractor having no drawbar pull on the slope……(31), (33)
(3) Tractor having no drawbar pull on the level……(34), (35)

View full abstract

In the drawbar tests of a wheel-type farm tractor, the drawbar pull and the torques of clutch shaft, rear and front axle were measured. This tractor could be driven not only by the rear wheels but also the four wheels.
The drawbar pull by the four wheels driving were larger than that by the rear-wheel-driving on field, but there was no difference between both driving on concrete road.
The torques of rear wheel axles were negative on concrete road, because the speeds of front wheel were larger than the rear wheel, but those were positive on field, because the running resistance increased.
The fluctuations of these torques, especially the clutch shaft, were large when the tractor was running in high speed on concrete road.

View full abstract

The rotary tillage tests were performed by using the tractor attached with the rotary tillage apparatus. In the tests, the torques of rotary shaft, clutch shaft, PTO driving shaft and rear wheel axle were measured.
The torque fluctuations of rotary shaft were very large, and the torques of other shafts except the rear wheel axle fluctuated with those of the rotary shaft. But the torques of rear wheel axle decreased as those of the rotary shaft increased, and when the torques of rotary shaft were larger, those of the rear wheel axle were negative, so the tractor was pushed by the resistance of rotary tillage.

View full abstract

In order to reduce the tilling power required of the rotary type, we carried out some comparative experiments about practical rotary tines, and we obtained from these experiments almost same tendencies of cutting characteristics as the model rotary tines (see the report 1).
The principal results obtained from these experiments are as follows:
(1) It is more advantageous for the power required to make the length of the curved edge of the blade as short as possible.
(2) The greater the width of a blade, the more advantageous for the power required. The cutting width of a blade can enlarge considerably at the paddy field cultivations, but it should be determined according to the relation of the number of the blade and the cutting pitch.
(3) It is important to take the proper value of a back angle (or a free angle) of the tine, and to form the curving part of the tine more smooth.
It is better to make smaller the cutting angle of the horizontal part of the tine so that the straw, the manure and other things may not get coiled round the blade, and it is more advantageous to make the angle of cutting path in the soil—the angle between the first point and the last point of cutting—as small as possible.
If we want to increase the speed of tractors in the rotary cultivation, we must consider the adoption of the other installing methods (two or three blades type) in place of Japanese customary method (one blade type at one point on the rotary shaft).
Therefore, we carried out some comparative experiments to obtain the characteristics of each type.
The principal results from these experiments are as follows:
(1) The position of the max. value of torque process curves of a tine is hardly changed, even when the revolution of the rotary shaft increase remarkably, that is to say, the impact resistances in this experiments don't occur when the blade pierces into the soil.
(2) The peak of the vertical component force curve occurs at earlier period than in the case of torque curve, and the value of the vertical component force becomes negative at the last period. The process curve of the horizontal component force shows the same tendency with the torque.
(3) Fig. 15 shows the relation among the working speed, the revolution of rotary shaft and the power required of each installing method of one blade, two blades and three blades.
Anew, Fig. 16 that was obtained from Fig. 15, shows the relation between the tilling pitch (slice length) and the power required.
From these figures, we can find the proper range of tilling pitch for working speeds of each type. But it seems to be more advantageous to make the number of blade less and the tilling pitch larger, for the simplification of structure, the reduction of weight and the removal of the tilled soil.
(4) Fig, 17 and Fig. 18 show the relation between the work of vertical and horizontal component forces of each type and the revolution of rotary shaft.
From Fig. 17 and Fig. 18, we discussed the piercing characteristics of the rotary type equipments as it is difficult to get the desirable tilling depth. fined according to the relation of the number of the blade and the cutting pitch.

View full abstract

This paper reports results of the investigations which were carried out in 1961 at Tokotan region in Konsen, Hokkaido, to study on the lasting effects of pan-breaking. In these plots, the pan-breaking was practised in the year before last (1959) and the last year (1960). The results are as follows;
1. Pasture land.
(1) The layer of which the soil resistance of penetration has come to 30-40kg exists at the depth of about 5-10cm below the soil surface. However the roots of grasses have developed in this layer. In and after summer, the hard pan of which the soil resistance of penetration has come to 50-60kg appeared itself just under the hard layer mentioned above. It may be able to guess that such a hard pan has been formed by the freezing action of the soil.
(2) In the treated plots where the pan-breaking was practised 2 years ago, roots of grasses have developed move deeply than in the untreated plots and penetrated through the bottom of the loosened soil. These distributions of roots show that the vertical development has continued stillmore for 2 years after the pan-breaking
(3) At the treated plots, mentioned above, the lasting effects in subsoil are able to be observed evidently near the penetrated traces of the chisels and standards. Especially at the upland, the soils which have filled up the passages of the chisels are very soft. However, at the lowland, the filled up soil has been compacted slightly, and the soil resistance of penetration has come to about 10kg.
2. Crop field.
(1) Even in the treated plots, the hard pan has been formed at the upper layer of the subsoil not only by the freezing action but also by traffic of tractor.
(2) The lasting effects upon the subsoil which has been loosened are observed evidently in the 2 nd year after the pan-breaking. Especially the soils which have filled up the passages of the chisels are very soft, and the soil resistances of penetration are only 0-10kg.

View full abstract

This paper reports about the results of the investigation in 1961 in Nemuro-Kushiro district (East Hokkaido). The heading of investigation are physical properties of soil, the growth of crops, and the yields of crops. The lay of the land are the many year's pasture land, the low swampy land, and the eminence. The kind of crops investigated are grasses, potato, dent corn, sugar beet, and oats.
Results are as follows:
(1) In the mechanically treated plots, the soil moisture at the bottom of the loosened soil is constant during a year. On the other hand, the layer of unpercolated water is not settled. At the low swampy land, the unpercolated water tend to drain to the treated plots.
(2) The soil porosity ranges from 70 to 80 percent, and the porosity varies as the moisture content of soil at the plots of over 80 percent in porosity.
(3) Generally, the yields of grasses at the treated plots is high. The height of dentcorn at the treated plots (2.2m) is higher than the corn of untreated plots.
(4) The yield of potato ranges from 901 to 1350kg per 10a. The yield of Potato at the deep treated plots is high. The sugar beet ranges from 0.53 to 1.1 ton per 10a. The T-R ratio ranges from 1.3 to 2.5.
(5) Especially, the growth of sugar beets and potatoes needs the plant protection, because of the controls of insect pests, plant diseases, and weeds are not done in this district.

View full abstract

The corrosion resistance of NIRESIST were studied for 450 times, using eight kinds of agricultural chemicals and urine of dairy cow.
Three kinds of aqueous dilution were taken respectively.
The loss of NIRESIST increase with lower dilution exclusive of Mercury-Bordeaux mixture.
The loss of NIRESIST increase with time in the following order, below (7) is almost non-corrosive.
(1) Wettable copper compounds “DOITSU Bordeaux”> (2) Wettable tin compound “SUZUZAI”> (3) Organic mercury compounds “FUMIRON Tablet”> (4) Wettable Captan compounds “ORTHOCIDE”> (5) Wettable copper-mercury compounds “Mercury Bordeaux”> (6) Wettable sulphur compounds “SARUTON 90”> (7) Urine of dairy cow> (8) Organic mercury compounds “RUBERON Tablet”> (9) Organic mercury emulsifiable compounds “MICROZIN 3”.

View full abstract

(1) The wears of roller pumps, treated with Molybdenum-disulfide, “Ceramic”, and the metallic lubricant “MOLUB-ALLOY”, were measured for 200 hours.
The degree of the wear of the side clearance increased in the following order, (Non-treated)>(Treated with Molybdenum-disulfide)>(Treated with “Ceramic”)>(Treated with “MOLUB-ALLOY”).
The coating of “MOLUB-ALLOY” was the most effective on the point of the wear.
(2) In the case of roller pump sintered with Molybdenum-disulfide, the wear of the side wall increased with the running, while that of the rotor became dull after 100 hours running.
(3) With the side wall, “Ceramic” being clinged to the inner wall, the side clearance increased due to the abrasion of “Ceramic” on the wall in spite of the slight wear of the rotor.
(4) The remarkable abrasion of roller occurs with both “Ceramic”-side wall and narrow side clearance such as 0.115mm.
The tendency is the same in case of roller pump sintered with Molybdenum-disulfide to the inner wall and the rotor.
(5) Every part of roller pump weaned on an average as the “MOLUB-ALLOY” is coated on rubbing inner surface.
(6) The changes of the total efficiency with the running by the anti-wear treatments of roller pump were compared.
Coating of the “MOLUB-ALLOY” showed the best result, while the “Ceramic”-side wall resulted in the worst.
(7) The wears of roller pumps, using Bordeaux mixture (6-3), (6-12), and (6-18) were compared for 200 hours.
The wear of the, pump using Bordeaux mixture. (6-3) was the least, and the degree of the wear among each part was graded distinctly.
(8) In a comparative test of the weight of roller (25, 30 and 35gr) of the same size, the remarkable difference of total efficiency appeared on side of high rpm (cf Fig. 11) and low delivery pressure (cf Fig. 12).
The best faculty was shown at 30 gr.
(9) Rotors made of Poly-Urethane, with three kind of gum hardness (191, 287, 290) were tested.
The strength of these rotors are not enough for practical use: delivery pressure 3kg/cm² and pump revolution 1180 rpm.

View full abstract

(1) Most milking machines are given a specific vacuum degree and the pulse rate of the pulsator. Mainly by these two factors and the mechanism of the pulsator, we can determine the specific exhaust velocity of the milking machine unit.
When we determine the pipe-diameter in the dairy barn, what we must consider as the factors are the exhaust velocities of the milking machine and of the vacuum pump and the conductance of the vacuum line from the pump to the stall cocks.
If we make the conductance of the vacuum line large, we can make the pipe-diameter short, but it must be larger than 13mm.
(2) Thinking from the effect of conductance of the piping, the parallel connection must be better than series one. It would appear that the best method is the circular piping.
(3) The position of the vacuum controller must be near the vacuum pump, namely, vacuum Pump →Sanitary Trap →Vacuum Controller→Piping.

View full abstract