JOURNAL of the JAPANESE SOCIETY of AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

OUTLINE OF THE REPORT REWARDED BY THE SOCIETY PRIZE

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 307
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.307

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[title in Japanese]

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 308
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.308

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An Experimental Study of the Effects of the Fuel Pulverization and the Fuel Vapourization by Exhaust Gas Heating in Agricultural Electric Ignition Engines

Tutae ISHII, Masao YAMAMOTO

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 309-316
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.309

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1) When collected out or vapourized the liquid fuel which flows in intake manifold, stronger preignition is caused in the electric ignition engines for agricultural and industrial use. Therefore, some suitable measures should be taken to prevent the pre-ignition.
2) To get the best engine performance, there is an optimum heating for vapourizing higher boiling point constituents. Once optimum adjustment is made on the exhaust gas heating for full load operation, it is close to optimum for both part load and fast idling operations. Heating control is not necessary for each operation.
3) In electric ignition engines, there exist two mechanisms of fuel vapourization, namely, the vapourization of fuel particles which float in air stream and also the vapourization from combustion chamber walls where larger fuel particles are sticked by inertia collision. In kerosene engine, the roll of the latter is larger and the function of the former is insufficient.
4) By the pulverization of fuel particles and the vapourization of higher boiling point constituents by exhaust gas heating, combustion approaches to the homogeneous and theoretical one, and during the period of warming up, combustion rapidly approaches to steady state.
5) During the warming up period of kerosene engine, the oil dilution is not affected by the use of pulverizer nor vapourizer, but it is mainly affected by the quantity of fuel supplied into engine.
6) Even in gasoline engine, using the fuel of higher volatility, the pulverization of fuel particles or the vapourization of higher boiling point constituents provide better combustion, increasing engine output and decreasing fuel consumption ratio, as well as kerosene engine which uses the fuel of lower volatility.
7) By the pulverization of fuel particles and the vapourization of higher boiling point constituents by exhaust gas heating, kerosene and gasoline produce almost the same out put as far as the same kerosene engine is used.

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Bearing Capacity of an Infinite Body in the Shape of a Truncated Wedge (I)

Theoretical Analysis by a Slip-Line Method

Koichi HASHIGUCHI, Masami UENO, Koichi IWASAKI, Shotaro MORISHIMA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 317-321
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.317

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The bearing capacity of the semi-infinite body has been elucidated by L. Prandtl and R. Hill, applying a slip-line method. While, in most practical problems such as the bearing capacity of farm tractors or the indentation resistance of rigid punches to various machine elements, the width of material is not wide enough to be regarded as a semi-infinite body. In such circumstance, it is desirable that the bearing capacity of an infinite body with a limited width is elucidated.
In this paper, the bearing capacity of the infinite body in the shape of a truncated wedge was analyzed by use of the slip-line method. The assumed slip-line field is shown in Fig. 2, which is an extended one of the Prandtl's slip-line field for a semi-infinite body. As shown in this figure, this field is composed of straight slip-line regions in the shape of an isosceles triangle and of logarithmic spiral slip-line regions.
The geometrical configuration of this field is prescribed by four parameters and the relationship of these parameters is expressed by the following equation.
ω=[1-2{cos(π/4-φ/2)/cosμ(tanΦcosξ-sinξ)exp(ξtanφ)}]^-1 (1)
where ω is a ratio of the width of a material to that of a strip load, Φ is a half of spreading angle of a wedge, ξ is a spreading angle of the logarithmic spiral slip-line region and φ is an angle of internal friction. Denoting the value of ω at ξ=π/2 as ω^p, this value is given by
ω^p={1+2cos(π/4-φ/2)/cosμ·exp(π/2tanφ)}^-1 (2)
The bearing capacity is given as follows.
In case of φ=0, reffering to Fig. 3
q=2(1+ξ) (3)
In case of φ>0, reffering to Fig. 4
q=-cotφ{1+sinφ/1-sinφ·exp(-2ξtanφ)+1} (4)
where q is a non-dimensional bearing capacity (bearing capacity/cohesion). The value of ξ in these equations is calculated by substituting the values of ω, Φ and φ to the geometrical equation (1).
The calculated results of q are shown in Fig. 4 (a)-(d) for Φ=0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and φ=0°, 15°, 30°, 45°. As seen in these figures, the calculated results show the following trends.
1. The larger Φ, the larger is the rate of the increment of the bearing capacity to the one of φ.
2. For ω≤ω^p the bearing capacity is constant, and ω>ω^p it decreases first abruptly and then decreases gradually with the increment of ω. The larger φ and the smaller Φ, the stronger is this trend.
3. The larger φ, the larger is the rate of the increment of the bearing capacity to the one of Φ.

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Studies on the Steering Characteristics of Tractor (Part V)

Stability Limit and Optimal Condition of Optimal Control System

Nobuo HONAMI

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 323-328
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.323

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The responses, stabilities and optimal conditions of the steering control system of tractor were discussed by method of analogical simulation in case of the differential element in the steering control operation.
The response characteristics of system depended on the open loop gain K and the stability depended on the forecast time T₂, but the whole system was not affected by the first order time constant T₁. It seemed to be important that T₁ related to the degree of tension of operator.
Assuming that the primary forecat time T₀ equaled the secondary forecast time T₂, there were the optimal conditions of system within T₂≠0.5-1.0sec, at T₁≠1sec and K≠2(m/m). But, in case of that T₂ was independent of T₀, the better response is obtained than the above conditions. As the forecast length 1₁, was in proportion to the travel speed of tractor, in order to obtain the optimal response, the operator had to vary the forecast length proportionally to the travel speed.

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Studies on the Human Engineering of Tractor Operation (1)

Effects of the Visual Field and the Visual Distance on Parallel Travelling

Tatsuya BANNO, Yoshinobu OHTA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 329-336
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.329

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To study the effects of the visual point of the tractor operator an experiment was carried out by several different operators using walking type tractor equipped with apparatus for limited visual point. The travel experiment was carried out on a field with level road of soil and a rotary tilled field. The trial apparatus for recording travel trace which was manufactured and the travel trace was recorded. The experiment was done with the visual point distance of 2-30m and the travel speed of 0.2-2.3m/sec, for the cases of limited and unlimited. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) According to the experiment of limited visual field, when the visual distance was short, the visual angular velocity of the operator was large. It was difficult to predict the travel direction of the tractor, and an operater could not drive accurately. When the visual distance was short, the travel speed therefore needed to be slowed.
2) When the visual distance was long, the visual angular velocity of the operator's eyes was small, the travel direction of the tractor could be predicted only for the fair front, and an operator could not drive accurately. Therefore, when the visual distance was long, the travel speed must be fast.
3) It was recognized that there was a optimum speed for driving tractor accurately. It was recognized that the most moderate speed was decided by the travel speed of the operator when operation was difficult, and decided by the visual distance when operation was easy.
4) The difference in the steering technique of the operator was small for the cases of the limited the visual field, that was large for the cases of the unlimited the visual field.

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Study on Deformation of Tires and its Similitude

Minoru YAMAZAKI, Takashi TANAKA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 337-343
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.337

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Similitude experiments were conducted on tire deflections and tread which gave an important effect upon the performances or behaviors of tractors or other vehicles.
Tire deflections and imprint were measured under various normal loads and inner pressures (Tab. 3) on both horizontal and inclined rigid planes (Fig. 1). The general tire deflection characteristics in relation to loads and inner pressures were obtained under all tire conditions. By comparing the test results with the theoretical values by a cylinder or a torus tire model, the torus model proved better to predict tire deformation (Fig. 9).
As shown in Fig. 11, similarity was obtained under the design conditions (Eq. 7) except an agricultural tire which seemed to have different construction and vertical rigidity from the three trailer tires S, M and L.
From the standpoint of tire performance, pressure scale should be 1 and then force scale becomes to n² (n; length scale) when the same supporting base is used for both prototype and model tractors. The design condition (Eq. 7e) satisfied the above restriction.

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Dynamic Characteristics of Tractors mounted with Rotary Tillers (I)

Measurement and Analysis of Fundamental External Forces

Yasuo SIBATA, Jun SAKAI

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 345-353
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.345

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The rotary tillage torque fluctuates considerably in the short period. The dynamic behavior of the tractors caused by this torque fluctuations was investigated from the view point of the design engineering. The results were as follows;
1) The variations of the forward acceleration of the tractors were caused mainly by that of the rotary tillage torque in the low frequency range. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the travel speed was less than 6cm/sec for the ordinary travel speeds.
2) The frequency components of f₀ and 1/2f₀ were dominant for the variations of rear axle torque. (f₀: rotational frequency of the rotary axle, H_z) The fluctuations of the tractor braking force produced at the rear wheels were caused mainly by those of the travel speed.
3) The frequency component of 2f₀ was dominant for the variation of the vertical force on the front wheels. The peak-to-peak amplitude was less than 60kg which was about 1/6 of the static vertical force on them.
4) The frequency responses between the input rotary tillage torque and the output vertical force acting on the front wheels and the rear axle torque were estimated using the spectral analysis on the condition that the rotary tillage system was approximately linear and the disturbances entering the rotary tillage system were negligiably small.
5) The variations of the horizontal force F_H, which were transmitted to the tractors through the three point linkage, were approximately equal to those of the horizontal component of the rotary tillage resistances. The variations of the vertical conponent F_V were much smaller than those of the vertical component of the rotary tillage resistances.
6) The concept of coefficient of rolling resistance could not be applied to the dynamic relations between the vertical force and the rolling resistance acting on the depth wheels. Instead, they were expressed by Equation (1).

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Studies on the Underground Sowing Machines in the Paddy Field (3)

Construction of seed planting devices

Yoshiaki NAKAMURA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 355-360
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.355

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Seed-planting devices were pre-produced. These were for the direct underground sowing in the paddy field. The transportation of coated seeds were done by air flow through seed conductor tubes. Two types of devices were tested in the laboratory and in the field. Following results were obtained.
1. Sledge type seed planting device.
1) Desirable length and width were about 300mm and 100mm respectively.
2) For the shape of furrow opener, the rectangular type was preferable.
3) The size of air exhaust port should be large enough to make air-flow well.
4) The depth of soil covering plate should be 1.3 to 1.5 times of the depth of furrow opener.
5) The pressure to sledge should be heavy enough to make ditch by shoe.
2. Levelling and marker-supporting-pipe-type seeding device. This type of the device can assure the stable seeding depth, even the puddling and leveling were not so fine and smooth.

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Studies on Lifting Type Digger for Root Crops (III)

Effect of digging blade in bare sand dune

Masami IWASAKI, Akira ISHIHARA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 361-367
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.361

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As the fundamental studies of lifting type digger development, the pulling resistance force and sand surface displacement were measured in bare sand with the lapse days after tillage by using a portable pulling device attached to digging blade.
The followings were obtained.
1. The pulling resistance force P (kg) had high correlation with cutting depth d (cm), and was greatly influenced by soil moisture content ω (%), but was not affected by the increase of days after tillage.
2. Specific resistance k (kg/cm²) was at the range of 0.04 to 0.14 and increased almost linearly with increase of depth d (cm) of cutting, from 7 to 22.
3. It was often observed that the vertical displacement of sand surface had a varying point V₂ after slight vertical displacement in front of thedigging blade. It seemed that the soil shearing occurred on the line connecting the varying point V₂ and the digging blade point B.
4. Horizontal distance L₁ (cm), from the digging blade point B to the first slight varying point V₁, increased with increase of cutting depth d (cm), but was not influenced by the cutting angle θ (degree) and the shape of digging blade. The vertical displacement over the digging blade point H_B(cm) increased with increase of cutting angle θ (degree) of digging blade and had a tendency to decrease with increase of the depth d (cm).
5. The shear angle φ₁ (degree) between horizontal line and the straight line connecting the varying point V₂ and the digging blade point B was at the range of about 20 to 55 (degree) and increased with increase of the depth d (cm), from 7 to 22.

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Enthalpy Changes of Foods in Freezing and Thawing Processes (III)

Enthalpy of solid of foods and hulled rice

Naoki SAKAI, Akira HOSOKAWA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 369-374
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.369

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Using two conduction calorimeters, the authors measured specific heat and enthalpy of solid of several foods and hulled rice in the low temperatures. The following results were obtained.
1) Specific heat of solid of gelatin, market milk and hulled rice increased in direct proportion to temperature increased. The increment which seemed to be caused by melting of fats on specific heat-temperature curve was observed in yolk and bean curd.
2) Average specific heat of solid in many foods was 1.3-1.5 kJ·kg^-1·k^-1 in a range from 273 to 293 K.
3) From the measurements of specific heat of hulled rice, critical water contents of freezing was about 21%wb.
4) Enthalpy-water contents diagram in a range from 0 to 25%wb and from -20 to 20°C was drawn for hulled rice.

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Vibrational and Impact Response Properties of Agricultural Products for Non-destructive Evaluation of Internal Quality (II)

Viscoelasticity of Watermelons

Tohru SHIGA, Yoshio HIKIDA, Yutaka CHUMA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 375-380
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.375

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For determining the dynamic viscoelastic moduli of flesh of watermelons, the approximate equations were derived from the measured resonant frequency and halfvalue width of its cylindrical specimen. The relations between these viscoelastic moduli and the internal quality of watermelons were investigated, and these data could be applied for non-destructive evaluation of internal quality of agricultural products using vibrational and impact response.
1. By solving the equation of motion for longitudinal vibration of viscoelastic bar,
∂²ξ/∂t²-E/ρ∂²ξ/∂x²-η/ρ∂³ξ/∂x²∂t=0
the dynamic modulus and dynamic viscosity were determined approximately as follows:
E=4ρl²f_r²(4+φ²)/(2n-1)²,
η=8ρl²f_rφ/(2n-1)²π,
where φ=1/√3Δf/f_r
2. The dynamic modulus of watermelons increased with the accumulated temperature. The increase was remarkable at the center of flesh, and reached to around 280×10⁵dyne/cm² for matured ones. But the dynamic modulus was supposed to decline in the sphere of overmatured watermelons.
3. During the growth and development, the dynamic modulus of watermelons changed in the same inclination as the Young's modulus determined by the quasi-static test, but the value of the former was about 2.4 times as large as that of the latter.
4. The dynamic modulus at the center of flesh of watermelons had the highest correlation with sugar content, followed by that at the placental region. But no correlation was found between the dynamic modulus at the inner wall and the sugar content. Hence, the dynamic modulus at the center of flesh was considered to be useful as much as sugar content as an index of maturity.
5. In the stage of growing, the dynamic viscosity of the flesh of watermelons decreased untill the accumulated temperature reached to 700°C, and then increased. Because of no correlation with sugar content, the dynamic viscosity was not considered to be useful for the evaluation of the maturity.

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Studies on the Storage Drying of Raw Rough Rice with Vacuum Cooling

Characteristics of vacuum cooling and pressure drop for rough rice layer

Takahisa MATSUOKA, Satoshi MURATA, Yutaka CHUMA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 381-387
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.381

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Storage drying of rough rice with vacuum
cooling was proposed as one of the processing methods for high-moisture rough rice, coping with combine hervesting. Investigation was made on the characteristics of vacuum cooling and drying of rough rice, and analysis was made on the pressure distribution in the rough rice layer during evacuation. The following results were obtained.
1) High-moisture rough rice packed in vacuum tank was cooled rapidly and dryed at the same time when the tank was evacuated.
2) Exhaust part was rather cooled than end part in the layer of rough rice. But the temperature difference of the two parts was less than one degree. Therefore, as the rough rice layer is not so deep, we can consider that the distribution of temperature and moisture content is uniform.
3) Pressure in the vacuum tank and saturated vapor pressure at the grain temperature almost agreed during vacuum cooling.
4) The pressure drop and the pressure distribution in the packed bed of raw rough rice during evacuation was aproximately expressed by the equation of diffusion. It was found from the solution that the pressure difference for the positions of the grain bed was somewhat Jarger than the measured values. To study this subject, the careful consideration should be given to the value of conductance of rough rice layer.

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Application of Light Reflectance Properties of Satsuma Oranges to Automatic Grading in the Packinghouse Line (I)

Relationship between Grading Index and Spectral Reflectance

Yutaka CHUMA, Tohru SHIGA, Kazuo MORITA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 389-395
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.389

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In order to establish the automatic grading in the packinghouse line of Satsuma oranges, spectral reflectance method by using single wavelength was applied for grading index.
1. Spectral reflectance intensity of Satsuma oranges increased at the diminishing rate with the area of sample port. The sample port of 50mm in diameter was considered to be upper limit.
2. Spectral reflectance intensity was not affected by the size of sample when the sample was spotilluminated in the sample port. From this, the color measurement by single wavelength became possible.
3. The chlorophyll content and the attenuance, i. e. log (1/R), at the wavelength of 680nm had high correlation coefficient of 0.84 at the part of blossom end, and of 0.88 at the stem end. Also, the correlation coefficient between the chlorophyll content at the blossom end and the attenuance at the stem end was 0.80, and that in the replaced relation between the blossom end and the stem end was 0.81. All correlations was significant at the 0.1% level.
4. The color index at the part of stem end, evaluated by the manual sorting, had high rank correlations with the attenuance at the stem end and the blossom end. Its value was 0.95 and 0.90 respectively in the first trial, and 0.94 and 0.78 respectively in the second. Also, the color difference between the stem end and the blossom end of peel was not negligible. Measuring the difference of the attenuance at the both parts of a fruit will be useful for the color sorting of Satsuma oranges.
5. The chlorophyll content had correlations with sugar content and acidity, but the correlation values were not higher as compared with those of the attenuance and the color index to the chlorophyll content.
6. Spectral reflectance of Satsuma oranges decreased with the lapse of time after picking. Therefore, the fruits should be handled as fast as possible on the same day after picking.

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A Formulation of Crop Production System by Optimal Control Theory

Koji TAMAKI

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 397-402
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.397

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In the previous paper, it was pointed out that crop production, which controls distributed structure of plant community, should be able to regard as modal control problems of distributed parameter systems from the standpoint of ecological control problems, and thus plant community, supposed as control object, are able to be described as the community control equation.
Assuming that crop is produced according to the performance index, elementary purpose of which is maximization of productive efficiency, this paper describes that crop production will be able to be formulated by optimal control theory as shown by equation (23) to equation (35) based on the community control equation.

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Analysis of vibrational characteristics of carton box

Satoshi MURATA, Yutaka CHUMA, Tohru SHIGA

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 403-404
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.403

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Abrasive wear on metal by husk and paddy

Haruo EZAKI

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 405-408
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.405

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[in Japanese]

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 409-412
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.409

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 415-418
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.415

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 419-421
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.419

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 422-424
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.422

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 425-427
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.425

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 428-430
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.428

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 431-434
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.431

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[title in Japanese]

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 435-438
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.435

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 439-442
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.439

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 443-445
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.443

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[title in Japanese]

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 446-450
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.446

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 451-453
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.451

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 454-457
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.454

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 458-461
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.458

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 462-465
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.462

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 466-468
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.466

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 469-471
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.469

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1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 473-480
Published: 1978
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DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.473

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Erratum to : Possibilities of Quality Evaluation of Hulled Nonglutinous Rice Using Light Transmittance and Video Image Data Processing System

1978 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 490
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.40.3_490

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