JOURNAL of the JAPANESE SOCIETY of AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Online ISSN : 1884-6025
Print ISSN : 0285-2543
ISSN-L : 0285-2543
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Volume 71, Issue 6
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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ESSAY
SPECIAL EDITION
TECHNO-TOPICS
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
PAPERS (Articles)
RESEARCH PAPERS
  • Measurement of the Properties of Agricultural Tire for Tractor Dynamic Analyses (Part 1)
    ——Determination of Drive Tire Stiffness and Damping from Static Tests——
    Van Nang NGUYEN, Takaaki MATSUO, Tatsuya KOUMOTO, Shigeki INABA
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_55-6_62
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_55
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    Properties of a nonrolling 8.3R/24 radial agricultural drive tire were measured for combinations of three inflation pressures and five vertical loads. The stiffness and damping properties in longitudinal and lateral directions were determined experimentally from static force-displacement relations using a cable-suspended plate pressed against the tire periphery. The results indicated that generally, the longitudinal spring constants increased with increasing vertical load but decreased with increasing tire pressure, while the lateral spring constants were insensitive to tire vertical load and increased significantly with tire pressure. No consistent trends in the variations of both the longitudinal and lateral damping coefficients were observed with increasing vertical load and tire pressure.
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  • Measurement of the Properties of Agricultural Tire for Tractor Dynamic Analyses (Part 2)
    ——Determination of Drive Tire Stiffness and Damping from Dynamic Tests——
    Van Nang NGUYEN, Takaaki MATSUO, Tatsuya KOUMOTO, Shigeki INABA
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_63-6_70
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_63
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    In succession to part 1, dynamic tests were conducted in part 2 to determine the characteristics of a nonrolling 8.3R/24 radial agricultural drive tire. The dynamic stiffness and damping properties in longitudinal and lateral directions were experimentally derived from the vibratory motions of a cable-suspended plate pressed against the tire periphery. The results indicated that the variations of the dynamic spring constant of the tire exhibited trends similar to those obtained from the static tests but were 4%-20% and 1%-18% higher in the longitudinal and lateral directions, respectively. In addition, dynamic damping coefficients were significantly higher than static ones.
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  • Development of a Stationary Robotic Strawberry Harvester with Picking Mechanism that Approaches Target Fruit from Below (Part 1)
    ——Development of the End-effector——
    Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Shigehiko HAYASHI, Hirotaka YOSHIDA, Ken KOBAYASHI
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_71-6_78
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_71
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    We developed a stationary robotic strawberry harvester that has the unique feature that it approaches target fruit from below. We first investigated the difficulty of approaching target fruit from below using table-top plants cultured in a greenhouse. We then measured the maximum force needed to separate fruit from the peduncle. Based on these results, we designed an end-effector prototype and installed it on a robotic arm. The performance of the end-effector was evaluated with plants growing in a table-top culture. Provided there were no obstacles below the fruit, the picking success rate exceeded 90%. When adjoining fruit were on the outer or aisle side of the target fruit, the mistake rate, as defined by harvesting a fruit other than the one targeted, was 25.0%. When there were obstacles below the fruit, the picking success rate decreased and the incidence of damaged fruit and mistake rate increased.
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  • Deformation of Rotary Blade in Rotary Tilling (Part 1)
    ——Stress and Elastic Deformation Analysis using Computer Software——
    Ayaka SATO, Takashi KATAOKA, Hiroshi OKAMOTO
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_79-6_84
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_79
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    In rotary tillage, soil throwing is an important characteristic in evaluating the performance of the rotary tiller. Nonetheless, soil throwing is closely related to the configurations of the rotary blades. It is thought that the ability to estimate the soil throwing characteristics would be helpful in designing the proper blade because the soil applies reaction forces on the blade while being cut causing deflections to the blades. Therefore, these forces should be considered when designing the blade. Since observing the deformations of the blade during tilling is difficult, the deformations, stresses and forces applied on the blade were simulated using computer aided design (3D-CAD) software. The results showed that the deformations of the blade varied according to the direction of the forces. However, the maximum displacement which was found at the tip of the blade was about 2.9mm when the force was acting perpendicularly on the scoop surface of the blade.
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  • Deformation of Rotary Blade in Rotary Tilling (Part 2)
    ——Analysis of Force Acting on Blade during Tilling——
    Ayaka SATO, Takashi KATAOKA, Hiroshi OKAMOTO
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_85-6_89
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_85
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    In the previous paper, the deflections of the rotary blade caused by soil reaction forces were analyzed using computer aided design (3D-CAD) software. In this paper, the actual strains of the blades were directly measured using strain gauges. In addition, the direction and the position of the dominant forces on a blade were measured through experimental tilling. The results confirmed that the force acting perpendicularly on the scoop surface of the blade caused the maximum deflection. Furthermore, it was found that the soil cutting force increased as the soil moisture content increased. It could be concluded that the CAD software analysis could estimate the deformation behavior of the blade. However, in order to obtain a more accurate estimation of the blade deformation, the forces related to the rotary axle and the soil moisture content should be considered in the computer analysis.
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  • Study on Non-destructive Measurement of Strawberry Fruit Firmness (Part 2)
    ——Strawberry Fruit Firmness Estimation Model using the Fruit Surface Absorption Spectrum——
    Masaru KASHIWAZAKI, Takeshi NAGASUE, Hidehira SOTOME, Michihiro NAKAJI ...
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_90-6_97
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_90
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    In this study, a multivariate regression model for estimating strawberry fruit firmness was developed. The second derivative absorption spectrum of the strawberry fruit surface was used for this model. First, the wavelength was chosen by using a statistical technique, and the absorption wavelengths of 320, 512, 712, and 1872nm were obtained. As a result, a characteristic absorption peak near 290-330nm, which is in the ultraviolet region, appeared in the absorption spectrum of pectin. Next, the wavelengths for the analysis were manually selected in the vicinity of these wavelengths. The selection constraints for the wavelengths were chosen as follows : location in the vicinity of the statistically determined wavelengths, high correlation with the fruit firmness, and clear correspondence of the wavelength to a particular chemical. Therefore, 292, 520, 684, and 1872nm were chosen as the wavelengths in this study, and the model parameters were R=0.906, SEC=0.477N, SEP=0.486N, Bias=-0.0006N. This fruit firmness estimation model was based on wavelengths corresponding to components comprising the cell wall structure, such as starch and pectin, apart from the coloring of the fruit.
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TECHNICAL PAPERS
  • Determination of Green Soybean (Edamame) Quality using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Part 1)
    ——Determination of Eating Quality-Related Constituent Content of Green Soybean (Edamame) Seeds——
    Yoshie SUE, Motoyasu NATSUGA, Hiroaki EGASHIRA, Takeshi IKEDA, Tomoya ...
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_98-6_105
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_98
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    We have been studying the determination of the eating quality-related constituents of green soybean (edamame) seeds, such as sucrose and NRQ (defined by ninhydrine reaction quantity, which has high positive correlation with total free amino acids), using a commercial near-infrared (NIR) transmission spectrometer (Infratec 1241). We obtained results of R2=0.79 and SECV=0.16% for NRQ, and R2=0.65 and SECV=0.46% for sucrose, for room temperature samples. Samples cooled to 4°C were added to room temperature samples and calibrations were developed. The results of R2=0.80 and SECV=0.17% for NRQ, and R2=0.68 and SECV=0.43% for sucrose, for room temperature and cooled samples were sufficient to determine eating quality-related constituents of edamame seeds in the field.
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  • Study on the Annual Utilization of a Harvesting Robot for Forcing Culture in Strawberries
    Kenta SHIGEMATSU, Shigehiko HAYASHI, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Ken KOBAYASHI, ...
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_106-6_114
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_106
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    We aimed to determine the feasibility and study the technical aspects of annual utilization of a developed harvesting robot for forcing culture in strawberries. Therefore, we tested the harvesting ability of the robot in an elevated substrate culture throughout the harvest season. We found that the overall rate of successful harvesting was 41.3%. This rate tended to increase with plant growth and was greatly influenced by infructescence. Moreover, the rate varied with physiological changes of plants : 10-30% in the starting season of harvesting (late December) or the season in which fruit clusters were replaced, 30-50% in the season excluding the fruit cluster replacement after February, and 50% or more in the season just before the replacement of fruit clusters. In order to increase the rate of successful harvesting, it is important to harvest easily accessible fruits ; therefore, it would be necessary to develop a novel image processing algorithm for assessing such accessibility.
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  • Preventing Imbibition Damage before the Germination of Soybean Seeds (Part 1)
    ——Examination of Imbibition Damage Factor——
    Takuo KOKURYU, Akemi K. HORIGANE, Mitsuru YOSHIDA, Shinji SHIMADA
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_115-6_120
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_115
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    MRI observations have revealed that imbibition damage to soybeans is caused by cracking of the cotyledon and its vascular bundles due to rapid moisture uptake. Imbibition damage was worst in hard, dry seeds, but was avoided by both raising the overall moisture content to about 15% w.b. and limiting the moisture difference between the surface and the internal parts to within 2% w.b. To obtain this moisture distribution, a total of 3-4 days was needed to permit moisture absorption and equilibration when 15% w.b. was adopted as the seed moisture content. The use of moisture-adjusted seeds should be of considerable help in preventing imbibition damage when sowing during Japan's rainy season.
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  • Preventing Imbibition Damage before the Germination of Soybean Seeds (Part 2)
    ——Production of Moisture-Adjusted Soybean Seeds using a Humidity-controlled Recirculated Batch Dryer——
    Takuo KOKURYU, Satoshi IKEDA, Ippei FUJIWARA, Shinji SHIMADA
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 6 Pages 6_121-6_128
    Published: November 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: December 28, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.6_121
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    To protect soybeans from imbibition damage, we have newly developed equipment that consists of a recirculated batch dryer and a humidifier to produce effectively moisture-adjusted soybean seeds. To protect the seeds from mechanical damage, the bucket elevator speed and lower-screw speed are decreased to 50% and 70%, respectively, of standard speed, and the lower screw is coated with a smooth material. Our experimental results show that the moisture absorbance rate is about 0.3%/h, with a standard deviation of 0.2%w.b. at a moisture content of 15.2%w.b., and the rate of mechanically damaged soybean seeds is cut to less than 2%, which has little influence on emergence establishment when soybean seeds are sown after being processed in the recirculated batch dryer.
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