The power requirement of tillage were measured by using the small tractor attached the simple inclined tillage tool at the front of rotary tilling device. The characteristcs of the combination tillage were summarized as follows.
(1) When a tine was mounted solely on the rotary shaft, the peak torque of rotary shaft in the combination tillage was about 0.3-0.4 times as large as that in the rotary tillage.
(2) The toque of rotary shaft in the combination tillage was about 0. 5 times as large as that in the rotary tillage.
(3) When the frequency of the rotary ravolution is f₀ c/s, the power spectral densities in 2 f₀ and 15 f₀ are greater than in other frequencies for the combination tillage, but that in 2 f₀ and 12 f₀ are greater than in other frequencies for the rotary tillage.
(4) The effect of tilling methods on the distribution of the peak torque of rotary shaft could not be recognized in the tests, but the distribution increased when the tilling pitch was smaller on every conditions.
(5) The rotary shaft power requirement in the combination tillage was equal to the sum of the drawbar horsepower of simple inclined tool and the horsepower of rotary shaft, and the power requirement was about 0.6 times as large as that in the rotary tillage.

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Using model nozzles, the characteristics of flow and atomization of the swirl type nozzle were examined, and discussions were made on the potential theory. Within region of the gauge pressre less than 5kg/cm². The experimental results are summarized asfollows.
1. The flow rate was greatly influenced by the difference of the inlet angle (θ) of the nozzle. This may be attributed to the change of static pressure in the swirl chamber.
2. Experimental values of discharge coefficient (C) of the nozzle with θ were in good agreement with the caluculated value C which was obtained from nozzle paramenter (K′′) developed from TANASAWA's (K). (Fig. 13)
3. The jet reaction force (F) was in proportion to the gauge perssure (P), and the proportional coefficient (δ) was experessed by the function θ and the orifice radius (re).
4. The effectiv area of the nozzle outlet (S) decreased with the increasing gauge pressure, and it was confirmed that S gradually approached to Si/a (Si: area of inlet, a: coefficient). This fact was derived from the relation between the average vertical discharge velocity (v) and the nozzle inlet velocity (U₀).
5. The drop-size distribution could be shown by the lognomal distributed function (f). From the relation between the Sauter Mean Diameter (d₀) and P, when the value of K′′ is made small, the extended range of the flow rate was determined without greatly altering the range of d₀.

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1) There found no significant difference of the velocities of falling droplets caused by the disruption of main jet under the different nozzle angles. In case that water was ejected to horizontal direction, the falling velocities of droplets increased rapidly beetween 8 and 10 meters fromm the nozzle. The relationship between the diameters of falling droplets and the distance from the nozzle was curvilinear as shown in Fig. 1. Also the impact energy of falling droplets per 1cm² and 1sec at each sampling place was given by the Equation (1) as a function of nozzle angle.
2) The trajectories of droplets simulated by digital computer in due consideration of the accompanied air currents operating the droplets might give fairly good agreement with the trajectories surmised the experimental results under the nozzle angle of 0 and 10 degrees, However under the nozzle angle of 20 and 30 degrees, the ascending heights of large dropletss given by the computation were greater than the heights surmised from the experimental results.
3) By analyzing the movement of the nozzle and the trajectories of droplets, the deposition area in horizontal plane was shown for each nozzle. From the obtained results, it became clear that two methods were effective to improve the sprinkler.

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Most of the Japanese combine harvesters apply the lower feed type thresher, but recently the adoption of upper feed type thresher increases.
This report summarizes the results of the experiments which were carried on to clarify as well as to improve the performance of the upper feed type thresher.
There were no separating and tailing return unit on the test machine in order to simplify the test and clear up the aim. The machine with cylinder, concave, feeder chain and the cover was used.
Firstly, the performance of the U-1 type (upper feed) and L-1 type (lower feed) were compared. Then, basing upon the first experiment results, the perforrmance of U-2 type (upper type) and L-2 (lower type) which were manufactured with dimetions as close as possible were compared.
Well-dried rice crop “Nihonbare” was used for the test.
The following facts were made clear by the performance comparison from the test results. The upper feed type makes less chaff from straw in the cylinder chamber and requires less power as compared with the lower feed type, but the percentage of grain that dropped down from the concave was less and grain losses entered into the straw were high. There was no difference in the percentage of tailings, unthreshed grain and damaged grain produced from both types.
Then, experiments were carried over to see how the grain losses inter into the straw could be reduced. By attaching teeth to concave, attaching plates to the cylinder, increasing the number of partion plates and changing the shape and number of teeth, it was possible to reduce these grain losses from 10% to 5%. Since the general standard less than 0.5% losses for the lower feed type, was not attained further studies will be requred.

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In the present sorting of agricultural products, size sorting is carried out mechanically by the sizer, but the sorting of color and injury is carried out manually. In this study is that the sorting by the size, color and injury is carried out automatically and simultaneously.
An optoelectronic method was used to detect the diameter, height and color (Fig. 1).
The size (diameter a and height h) detecting apparatus consists of the phototransistors arranged at each 5mm vertically and the logic circuit used of transistor transistor logic integral circuit (Fig. 2). The color detecting apparatus consists of two kinds of photodiodes and or filters, they have the different specral response to wave length of light (Fig. 4). Difference or ratio of voltages from two photodiodes were named the color variables c or d.
The discriminant function was calculated by the ratio of ciameter and height (f), and color variable (c or d). As a result of Satsuma mandarins and tomatoes by the computer, the accuracy of new sorting seemed identical with the original manual sorting.
In future, it is necessary to increased the accuracy of detecting of size and color, by computerized sorting process.

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Acomputer controlled on-line pattern instrumentation system was developed and automatic meauremets of sizes, areas, edges and shape parameter findings concerning an orange and a spinage leaf were mabe. Input pattern was taken from visicon ITV camera with the total picture element of 13056 consisted from vertical 102 lines and horizontal 128 elements.
The object extraction from the background was made by the threshold value determind from the histogram for brightness feature or four levels of a constant gray scale interval. The edge of the object was extracted from a kind of spatial differentiation in respect to the extracted objective region.
The contrast of the object to the background is the most fundamental factor when the automatic measurement of thess parametes is performed by the pattern processing techniques. Area measurement by counting the picture element belonging to the objective region seems to be made within a few percent of error.
This instrumentation system has the merit of non-touching and non-destructive operation and high throughput rate of up to 3c/s is obtainable.

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Fluidlzed bed drying curves of rough rice were analyzed and the following results were obtained.
1. The thin layer drying rate equation, which is expressed by the two quantities of state such as moisture content and diffusion coefficient, is obtained from the drying equation shown by H. A. Becker. This equation adequately expresses the effect of the variable temperature of the particles by use of the diffusion coefficient which is Ahrenius type function of the temperature of the particles.
2. The heat transfer equations of a fluidized bed are obtained for the both cases of complete mixing flow and piston flow. Both types of these equations are the same as that of a thin layer, and so that, these equations can be unified by one equation with non-dimensional parameters.
3. This drying rate epuation and non-dimensional heat transfer equation are the fundamental equations of a fluidized bed drying or thin layer drying. The approximate solutions obtained from the fundamental equations have simple relationships between the drying conditions and the drying curve or the temperature curve.
4. The calculated curves by the both numerical and approximate solutions were in good agreement with the both observed drying and temperature curves.

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The cause of inducing cracked rice was supposed to be in the ununiform drying strain caused by unequal moisture distribution in a rice kernel during drying. In this study, the drying strain was measured in both directions of width and length of the rice kernels with X-ray photgraph of paddy during drying. The drying strain increased with drying time.
The maximum drying strain in the direction of width on the ventral side of rice kernel was indicated on the basal part of kernel, and the largest gradient of drying strain was shown between l/l₀=0 and l/l₀=2/5, where l₀=length of rice kernel, l=distance between basal end and measuring point on the long axis of rice kernel. The maximum drying strain in the direction of width on the dorsal side of rice kernel was indicated in the apical part of kernel, and the large gradient of drying strain was shown between l/l₀=4/5 and l/l₀=1.0. The large drying strain in the basal part and the apical part of kernel, and the large gradient of drying strain was shown in both parts (basal and apical) of kernel.
The maximum drying strain in the direction of length on the basal side of rice kernel was indicated in the part w/w₀=5/8-6/8 on the short axis of kernel, where w₀=width of rice kernel, w=distance between ventral side and measuring point on the short axis of rice kernel. The large drying strain in the direction of length on the apical side of rice kernel was indicated in both sides (ventral and dorsal) of the short axis of kernel. The large gradient of drying strain in the direction of length in the rice kernel was shown in the parts of w/w₀=1/16-2/8, w/w₀=7/8-15/16 and on both sides of w/w₀=5/8 or 6/8.
Each drying strain in two directions of width and length in a rice kernel had very different values in many parts of short axis and long axis, especially the great shearing stress was caused in the part of large gradient of drying strain, and the part of large value of dryingstrain caused the tensile stress in the part of small value of it.
The cracked rice kernels were produced by these stresses, when the drying stress grew larger than the breaking stress of rice kernels.

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Parboiling process consists of soaking, steaming and drying. The properties of parboiled rice seem to be evaluated by determing the rate of gelatinization of rice starch during processing.
This investigation was carried out to produce parboiled rice under various processing conditions and to find out the effect of processing conditions on physico-chemical properties of parboiled rice.
The experiments were conducted for hardness, rate of fissures, milling yield, whiteness, viscosity by amylo-graph, and alkali decomposition in 1.7% potassium hydroxide. The results were as follows;
1) Fundamental properties of parboiled rice were influenced considerably by three processing conditions of soaking, steaming and drying. In particular hardness and whiteness were influenced.
2) Amylo-gram curve of parboiled rice powder showed approximately similar pattern to those of other heat processed starches.
3) Curves obtained from alkali test showed similar pattern to those of rice starch gelatinization. Therefore, it was recognized that alkali decomposition and starch gelatinization of parboiled rice were closely related with one another.
4) Mean value for alkali decomposition of parboiled rice was larger than that of untreated rice. It seemed that parboiled rice had less resistivity for alkali solution.

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In order to recover the exhaust-heat of a drier including latent-heat and utilize it for heating the inlet-air, we designed a practical scale dryingsystem with a heat-pump and tested the performance of the heat-pump.
1. An air-suction tempering-drier of market-type was used in this system. We selected a condensing-unit adapted to the drier and designed an evaporator to recover the exhaust-heat. Experimental model is illustrated in Fig. 1, and specifications of the drier and the heat-pump are presented in Tab. 1. Procedure and results of design calculation are illustrated in Fig. 2.
2. The selection of the condensing-unit was based on the heat-rate which was required to heat the air to the drying-temperature and on the piston-displacement. With the Mollier-diagram for R-22, the piston-displacement could be calculated by assuming the heat-pump-cycle and the refrigerant-flow-rate corresponding to the heat-rate required to heat the air.
3. In regard to the method of designing the evaporator, at first the recovered heat-rate was calculated corresponding to the heat-rate required to heat air: this is the heat-rate discharged from the condenser. Considering that the surface of fins is wet and the exhaust enthalpy of heat source changes with the progress of drying, we made a chart illustrated in Fig. 5 by the calculation method using the contact-factor, and the number of fins was decided from the chart and the recovered heat-rate. The expansion-valve was selected after consideration of the operation-characteristics of the expansion-valve, in order to keep the heat-rate to heat air constant, avoiding the effect of temperature change of heat-source on the recovered heat-rate.
4. Performance-test of the heat-pump satisfied the results of design-calculation as indicated in Fig. 7. The heat-rate discharged from the condenser was regulated by adjusting the spring-pressure of the expansion-valve. The control range was 5400-8100kcal/h, and the fundamental data for feedback control of heated air temperature in the system with a heat-pump were obtained.

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To study the drying characteristics of beef samples during freeze-drying process which includes the 2nd drying period, experiments with different conditions of heating methods, modes and sample temperatures were made using the freeze-drying apparatus which had been reported in reference (14). The results obtained from these experiments and the drying conditions are summarised as follows.
1. Different heating methods as well as the temperature conditions of the sample were shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1, respectively.
2. Experimental results provided important data pertinent to the drying characteristics of the sample tested and the corresponding operating conditions. The former consists of the change in sample weight, calculated drying rate and temperature distribution in the samples while the latter includes the surface temperatures of the heater, platen and condenser as well as the total and partial pressures of the non-condensing gas in vacuum chamber. A result obtained for the case in which both sample surfaces were heated by radiation was shown in Fig. 3. The changes in moisture contents, dimensions and densities of raw and dry samples were presented in Table 2, while the moisture distribution in sample was shown in Fig. 10.
3. Three typical patterns of temperature distributions of beef samples during freeze-drying were shown in Fig. 5. During the 1st drying period where no water vapor transfered from the sample bottom (patterns 1 and 2 in Fig. 5), the temperature gradient in the dryed region indicated larger value than that in the frozen region with the sublimation front showing a minimum temperature value. As the sublimation fronts proceeded inward from both top and bottom surfaces (patterns 3 in Fig. 5), the temperature of the frozen region decreased gradually and finally attained the minimum value at the instant immediately before the 2nd drying period began. In the latter period, the temperature distribution was linear between the sample surface and bottom.
4. The drying time for the 1st drying period was defined as the time required to dry 80 percent of the sample water content. Measured value under the present experimental donditions were given in Table 3. For example, the difference of 17.30 hours was observed in the 1st drying time when the surface temperature differed 20°C from each other keeping the bottom temperatures the same.
5. When the total pressure was 0.02-0.09torr at the end point of the drying process, the moisture distribution in the sample was influenced significantly by the temperature distribution within the sample. The higher the heating temperature of the sample, the lower the value of the moisture content.

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Tests were conducted to find the effects of container diameter and air travel distance on the resistance to air flow through cut orchard grass hay.
To find the effects of the container diameter, hay samples were packed into the container of 7.7-80cm in diameter to a depth of 30cm, and to find the effects of the air travel distance they were packed into the container of 7.7cm in a diameter to a depth of 180cm.
1) The general equation for airflow through hay is
P=10^-uLS^vd^mVⁿ
where P: pressure drop, mmAq
L: distance of air travel through material, m
S: container diameter, m
d: apparent density, kg/m³
u: exponent
v: diameter exponent
m: density exponent
n: velocity exponent
2) Exponents u, v increased slightly as moisture content increased. For 20-60% moisture content, exponents u, v of first cutting hay were 1.268-1.800, 2.857-4.911 and second cutting hay were 0.789-0.978, 4.040-6.067 respectively.
3) Density exponent m increased as moisture content increased and the container diameter decreased. For 20-60% moisture content and 1m container diameter, exponent m of the first cutting hay was 1.599-4.791 and that of the second cutting hay was 1.448-1.635.
4) Velocity exponent n increased as moisture content increased and apparent density decreased. For 20-60% moisture content and 100-300kg/m³ apparent density, exponent n of the first cutting has was 0.907-1.301 and second that of the cutting has was 1.271-1.401.
5) Airflow resistance was nearly proportion to air travel distance L and container diameter S.

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