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Volume 37 (1975 - 197･･･
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Volume 37, Issue 3
Displaying 1-30 of 30 articles from this issue
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Frequency ResponseShigeo UMEDA, Nobuo HONAMI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 289-294
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe frequency responses of the travelling tractor, with continuous steering control, were obtained from the experiments by means of the pulse method. From above results, the dynamic characteristics of the controllability and stability were discussed on the tractor.
(1) A tendency on the frequency responses relating between the course and the front wheel, is little recognized under any experimental conditions of the travel speeds and the distributions of the weight.
Therefore, within the extent of those experimental conditions, it seems that the responses of the tractor itself are not affected by the characteristics at high speed, and they depend on the characteristics at low speed.
(2) The frequency responses of the steering apparatus (the steering angle and the front wheel angle), relating directly with the control of the operators, show little differences of their characteristics wnder any experimental condition. Therefore, their transfer functions can be described approximately with the dead time element and the proportional constant, which is equivalent to the reduction gear ratio of the steering gear box.
(3) On the total characteristics of the frequency response, the gains decrease according to the increase of the frequency of the course, but they show some fluctuations from zero-db line in each test run. On the other hand, the phases show the lead and lag characteristics on the same conditions. It does not seen that the frequency responses have ang steady tendency under the various experimental conditions in this test.
(4) From above results, it was found that the responses of the operator-tractor control system mainly depend on the response characteristics of the operator. And the feedback control model of this system was composed with the first and secondary estimating operations.View full abstractDownload PDF (759K) -
Kiyoshi NAMIKAWA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 295-299
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe path, the velocity and the acceleration of rice transplanting tine that was consisted of four bar linkage and was taking reciprocating motion were analysed by the numerical computation, and the following results were obtained.
(1) The path for tine to sweep is described with Eq. (1)-(6) on the polar coordinate as the function of revolution angle (θ) for the driver.
(2) The velocity and the acceleration of the pair point on the follower for four bar linkage were obtained from the distance for the path of follower in an interval required for the driver to move through a certain small angle. The relation ship between the values by the above mentioned method and those by analytic method was investigated. As the results, on the case to compute with the single precision the accuracy of the computation is 0.1% and 1% for the velocity and the acceleration and on the case with the double precision that is 2×10-8% and 6×10-7%. This value was satisfactory in practice.
(3) For three examples of the transplanting mechanism to transplant young seedling brodcasted, the path, the velocity and the acceleration were computed (c. f. Fig. 4-6). It is clarified that path and acceleration of those mechanism are desirable for precise transplanting.
(4) The effect of changing the length of each links 10% to following four items was investigated (Fig. 7 and Tab. 3). (a) The deepest point of the tine in the soil. (b) Velocity for the tine to enter in to the field surface. (c) Velocity to go away from the soil. (d) The distance from the point entered to the point gone away. The effect to the path is great but that to velocity is relatively small. If changing of the path is necessary, it may be effective to use such figure and table.View full abstractDownload PDF (658K) -
Automatic operation of the inter-row transpoting carKazuo KOJIMA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 300-308
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the purpose of reduction of transporting labor in the vinyle house, the author studied the automatic operation of the transporting car that is used between the rows. The outline is as follows;
1) The author had the running direction control of the car by setting the guide plate between the rows and attaching the guide wheel to the car. The car ran along the guide plate.
2) The impact force and the contact resistance between the guide plate and the guide wheel were independent of the running speed of the car, the position of the guide wheel, the tire inflation of the driving wheel (one wheel driving). The impact force and the contact resistance increased with the increase of the load. The impact force and the contact resistance of forward motion were larger than the forces of backward motion.
3) The control device of the running time and the suspension time was the time relay circuit using the unijunction transistor and the thyristor. The running time was 5 second, the suspension time was varied from 30 second to 150 second according to the load. The suspension time was controled by the change of the resistance in the circuit.
4) Above control device was attached to the ordinary battery car, the performance for harvesting and transporting was investigated with the model planting device. The efficiency in hand operation was larger than the automatic operation device, but the accuracy of picking for the automatic operation device was better than by hand.View full abstractDownload PDF (6681K) -
A Numerical Method for Unconstrained Nonlinear Optimization ProblemsYasushi YAMAMOTO1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 309-314
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis report develops a numerical method for unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems. This method is based on a kinetic point of view and is named Dynamic Damping Method (DDM).
The DDM has following merits.
(1) The DDM optimizes an object function by only its gradient vector.
(2) The amount of calculation for optimization is small in subroutine DDM.
(3) Its programme is simple.
The experiments of DDM indicate good convergence. The computing speed by DDM is as fast than that by Davidon's Method or by Fretcher and Reeves' Method.
The DDM seems to be effective to the problems which have many independent variables and large amount of object function calculation.
The DDM is, also, able to find an attractor or a repeller of the vector field without potential.View full abstractDownload PDF (727K) -
Koji TAMAKI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 315-320
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPlant and its surrounding environment are controled under agricultural production processes. The control is classified roughly into following two classes, the one is for improving physiological condition, the other ecological condition.
From the standpoint that agricultural control is the one of ecological systems, it inflences distributed parameter of plant communities and consists of initial condion control, sucnas secding, transplanting, and boundary condition controls, such as weeding, thinning, harvesting. Therfore agricultural control problem, basically should be considered as the same to the model control problem of distributed parameter systems.
In this report, general control equation of plant community (7) is introduced on the basis of the above way of thinking.
Next, model I, which is descrived character of plant community and simplified case of general control equation (7), is consisted of three equation, (8), (9), (10), and examined by use of simulation method. The results of this examination are in sufficient agreement with many ecological laws, such are known as the law of constant final yield, logistic growth of community, competition density effect and distributed structure of species weight in community.View full abstractDownload PDF (792K) -
Measuring torqueYuei TABA, Noboru KAWAMURA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 321-325
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe torque of wire type sugarcane stripping machine was measured using polyvinyl chloride pipe as a model of sugar cane.
1) The torque of stripping drum was measured with changing stripping pitch under following two conditions;
(a) Rotating speed of feed roller was changed, at constant rotating speed of stripping drum.
(b) Rotating speed of stripping drum was changed, at constant rotating speed of feed roller.
As a result, the torque did not change in condition (a). The torque increased in case of short stripping pitch of condition (b) due to the influence of racing torque.
2) As the rotating speed of stripping drum increased the torque of stripping drum increased.
3) The torque using two polyvinyl chloride pipes was larger than the double of torque using one polyvinyl chloride pipe.
4) The torque to strip cane leaves was very small.
5) At 900rpm of rotating speed of stripping drum, the racing torque was about 38 percent of the total torque for stripping one topped cane.View full abstractDownload PDF (558K) -
Akira HOSOKAWA, Kuniji MOTOHASHI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 326-330
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe drying theories for batch drying of granular beds have been reported by those reseachers as Van Meel and Toei, etc. Application of these theories for paddy beds requires us to know the constant drying rate of paddy so that the drying characteristics of paddy should be expressed in a dimensionless form based upon the constant drying rate.
Experiments were conducted therefore to determine the constant drying rate of a single paddy grain. A single paddy grain was well moistened in distilled water and the excess surface water was removed by wiping the surface lightly with a piece of paper so as to make the surface of the particle covered with thin water film.
The testing apparatus used was the one reported in Refs. 1) and 2). The drying air conditions were shown in Table 1. Experimental results obtained were as follows.
1) The drying curves and constant drying rates of a single paddy grain were shown in Figs. 2 (a), (b), (c) and Table 1 respectively.
2) From those results, heat transfer coefficients were calculated, and the relation among the heat transfer coefficient, the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number was shown by Eq. (3).
3) This result indicated that a paddy grain would show a constant drying rate under a certain set of air conditions, and the rate would be of the same order as the constant drying rate calculated by the Ranz-Marshall equation or such similar equations for any spherical granular particles.View full abstractDownload PDF (581K) -
Kanzi OTSUKA, Satoshi MURATA, Yutaka CHUMA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 331-338
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this experiment was to generalize the relationship between the thin layer drying curves and some drying condition such as air temperature, initial moisture content and air velocity during the short time region when the grain temperature varies with the constant high air temperature. This generalized equation was intented to be applied for this layer drying curve to the practical rapid drying systmes such as fluidized bed and tempering drying techniques, etc.
As a result of this experiment due to faster air velocity, the rate of drying was faster. This phenomenon could be interpreted that the rate of drying varied indirectly with air velocity in order to change the increasing rate of grain temperature due to varying coefficient of heat transfer which was governed by air velocity. Consequently, the drying characteristic of rough rice could be thought of as phase falling rate, even if initial moisture content was very high. The empirical equations estimating the drying curves at any drying condition were
M-Me/M0-Me=1-e-(Kt)-n
K=exp{-6.4509×103/Ta+273.16×G-(0.04373-0.005209M0)+(0.0766M0+11.5237)}
n=(0.05773-0.001342M0)×(Ta-Tp0)0.02027M0+0.19148View full abstractDownload PDF (1028K) -
Effects of Precooling and Cold Storage Methods on the Quality of Cut CladioliSadato ISHIBASHI, Shunichiro TANAKA, Tetsuro ISHIDA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 339-345
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of precooling and cold storage methods on the quality of gladioli.
Gladioli, harvested at Ibusuki, Kagoshima prefecture, were precooled with conventional cold storage and vacuum cooler. After precooling, they were stored in conventional cold storage from the 29th of June to the 22nd of July in 1973.
The quality of cut gladioli was investigated during cold storage and after shipment.
A summary of the results is as follows.
1) Time of cooling of gladioli from the initial temperature of product 30°C to 4°C were 0.17 hours in division of vacuum-non prewetting and cold storage with stem in water and non package, 1.3 hours; perforated P. E. packge and P. V. C. film package, 6.0 hours; carton package, 7.8 hours; closed P. E. package, 8.4 hours.
2) When samples with stem were stored in water at room temperature after 7 days' cold storage. the beneficial effects of precooling were recognized in division of vacuum-non prewetting.
3) In dry storage, gladioli in divisions of P. V. C. film package and vacuum-non prewetting maintained (kept) higher quality than that of division of current carton packge.
4) The common opinion that cut flowers stored in cold storage were easy to be deteriorated after shipment was not recognized, and neither was is recognized that blooming rate of cut flowers with stem stored in water was faster than that of dry storage.
5) The storage lives of cut gladioli were 7 days in division of non package and 10-14 days in division of package under 2°C, 85-90% R. H. Especially, if their expected life after shipment was permitted for a day, the storage life of them in division of P. V. C. film package was for about 15 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (2060K) -
Yutaka CHUMA, Kengo WATANABE1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 346-352
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCitrus fruits, exposed to repeated impact of 3.2G or so under cool temperature below zero are inclined to be frozened.
In order to find out the way of preventing the freezing of citrus fruits packed into carton during transportation and distribution, the authors have conducted a study trial to reveal the effects of film-packaging and sheet-covering on the fall of inner temperature of the carton.
The effect of impact vibration on promoting the freezing of supercooled state of fruits was examined.
Furthermore, the durability time at the cold temperature below zero, from the point of deterioration of fresh fruits, was also examined.
The results obtained are as follows:
(1) The temperature of fruits and air in a carton differs much according to the position of the fruits within the carton (Fig. 1).
Fruits at the lower corner of carton show the fastest rate of cooling.
(2) The effect of air temperature (t0°C) on the cooling rate of carton is remarkable (Fig. 2).
In case of t0=-20, -10, -5°C, the allowable duration of carton in the cooled air are 2.6, 4.7, and 14 hours respectively.
Half cooling time of fruits in case of t1=14°C t0=-10°C, are 2.7 hours for citrus Unshu, and
3.8 hours for apple, respectively (Fig. 3). (3) Epidermis of puffy fruit is cooled rapidly and is inclined to be injured by cooled air (Fig. 4).
(4) Efficiency for protection against the cold was higher in case of carton of larger size and greater height filled with fruits (Fig. 5, 6, 7).
(5) Efficiency for protection against the cold due to the kind of packaging is in the order as:
Double covered by film wrap within the carton>double covered by polyethylene-sheet over the carton>double sided wall of fiber board in the carton>single covered by polyethylene-sheet over the carton>single covered by film wrap within the carton>carton only (Fig. 8).
The formation of air jacket in the package is the reason why the high efficiency is obtained.
(6) When a supercooled state of fruit is impacted repeatedly in the order of intensity of 3G or so, the freezing of the epidermis of citrus Unshu develops as is shown in Fig. 10.
(7) Allowable duration of citrus unshu in the cold air of -5°C and -20°C should not be more than 6 hours and 1.5 hours respectively from the point of deterioration of taste and appearance of the fruits (Fig. 11, 12, 13).View full abstractDownload PDF (856K) -
Shingo YAMAZAWA, Shigeru YOSHIZAKI, Takaaki MAEKAWA, Toshio TOHEI, Tat ...1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 353-358
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors investigated the drying characteristics of KANPYO using a pilot scale drying equipment which was designed and made acoording to the data derived from the laboratory experiments. The results were as follows;
1. It was recognized that the laboratory data in drying KANPYO, the values of the film coefficient of heat transfer (hc), first critical moisture content (Mf1) and the drying constant (K1) agreed with the results of this pilot scale drying experiments.
2. The following condition was assumed; the heat efficiency of indirect heated dryer in the constant rate drying period will increase not more then 30% of the direct heated dryer even if the the KANPYO was increased up to 5-6 times more than the actual load in this experiment.
3. In order to design the full scale drying equipment of KANPYO, the followings must be considered;
1) The method of putting KANPYO into the drying chamber.
2) The handling of KANPYO before and after drying.
3) The uniform velocity distribution of the drying air and uniform temperature distribution in the drying chamber.
4) The uniform location of moisture content in the dried materials.
5) Improvement in the heat efficiency of the drying equipment.View full abstractDownload PDF (3516K) -
Wafering of Rice Straw by Low Speed Piston MethodMasaki MATSUO, Shotaro MORISHIMA, Toru YOSHIHARA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 359-364
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe many characteristics such as extrusion force, maximum compression force Pmax, wafer density ρ, tensile strength T and durabilities I of rice straw wafer were experimented by use of a wafering hydraulic device of low speed extruding piston method with various straw moisture content, temperature and molasses content. The results obtained were as follows:
1. The relation of extruding force during compression vs. compression distance was found to be an approximate linear line as plotted on the semilog. graph, and the equation of which is
P=aebl
Where
P: extruding force (ton)
l: compression distance (mm)
a, b: a constant
2. In case of rice straw, the optimum temperature for wafering was about 25°C unlike other grass hay. The extrusion of wafer was found to be difficult at lower temperatures, while the waferability and durabilities were decreased at higher temperatures.
3. The ρ and T values of wafer could be taken as a good index of durability.
4. When comparing the straw wafer immediately after being formed with the one dried up to 12% m. c., the ρ value of the latter was slightly lower than that of the former, while the other durability indexes were found to be higher in the latter.
5. In case of rice straw, the optimum moisture content for wafering was about 20% m. c. like other grass hay.
6. The Pmax value and durability indexes were increased with the reduction of compressive speed or the increase of die length.
7. The waferability and durabilities of straw wafer were increased by rehydration unlike other grass hay.
8. In this experimental condition, the fall-shock durability index If after 15 falls was found to correspond approximately with the ASAE durability index IA, while the If value after 50 falls was considerablely smaller than IA.
Generally the ASAE durability method was undesirable for wide range indication of the durability of wafer.
9. Although it was impossible in some conditions to form straw wafer without molasses, it could be made possible by adding liquid molasses to it, and the Pmax value was found to reduce clearly while the durabilities were increased effectively.
It seemed as if there was an optimum mixing rate of molasses under 5-7% except 0%, but at the higher mixing rate, the durabilities were found to decrease and the wafer formation became gradually impossible.View full abstractDownload PDF (789K) -
Experimental Tests of Traffic Noise and Noise Attenuation effects of ShrubsRyuzo TAKEUCHI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 365-369
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNoise attenuation characteristics of various plants, such as trees, shrubs, and grasses have been studied to determine the effects of various biological and physical parameters on noise abatement. In general, significant noise reduction is obtainable by well developed shrubs, belts and grasses. The juniper and holly shrub belts can reduce noise level in the order of 3dBA per 10 feet in addition to natural distance attenuation. Grasses covering ground can be used effectively for reducing the noise propagation at ground level.
Further research is required for in-depth study in order to identify the most effective elements of plant physical properties which can be used effectively in the traffic noise abatement.View full abstractDownload PDF (675K) -
Manabu SAKAI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 372-379
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNearly two thousands papers on ergonomics and safety engineering of agricultural machinery were surveyed with brief comment and listed according to their contents and nationalities (Table 1 and Table 2).
As a result, some themes desired to be studied in the near future in Japan were shown in Table 3.View full abstractDownload PDF (1120K) -
[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 380-383,379
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
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For Tractors in HokkaidoKatsuhiro MATSUI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 384-390,379
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe amount of agricultural tractors in 1973 is about 350000 in all area of Japan and about 60000 in Hokkaido. The 75-80 percent of large tractor over 35PS in Japan are used in Hokkaido. Increasing of tractors, increased accidents by tractors and many operators died. In order to decrease death by overturn of tractors, the protective frames are tried to attach with tractors.
The 20 protective frames were tested according to the static tests of ASAE-SAE standars for farm tractor overturn protection. The design of the protective frame bigins to come into focus that it achieves a static test force-deflection relation that permits the protective frames to have both acceptable energy imparting and energy absorbing behavior. A casual consideration of this objective might lead to the conclusion that energy imparting and energy absorbing are contradictory repuirments because they require different force-deflection relations. The ideal design is to combine the virtues while avoiding the shortcomings of each.View full abstractDownload PDF (2769K) -
[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 391-394
Published: 1975
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[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 395-403
Published: 1975
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 404-407,403
Published: 1975
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[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 408-411,403
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
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Isao Nishimura1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 412-416
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 417-419,416
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
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[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 420-424
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
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Munehiro TAKAI1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 425-431
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNumber of death and injury from the farm accidents in Hokkaido increases exponentially by year in proportion to the propagation of large farm machinery. The death and injury rate are 1.9 and 27.5 respectively per 10, 000 workers in 1974.
This analysis was held to get information for safety work which is derived from 1663 accident cases in last two years.
1) About 9% of the reported accidents are the animal-related injuries. And apporoximately 12% are occurred in burn and other structures around farm, and most of them are slip or falls of the workers (Table 2).
The remaining 79% are the machine-related injuries (Table 3, 6, 7).
2) The tractor and it's implements are involved in 36% of the total injuries. Over-turns and runover of the tractor have the highest fatality rate for the machine-related injuries. While transporting job are involved in 11%, and over two third of them are due to falls on the different level.
The remaining 31% are due to stationaly or selfpropelled machines.
3) Less than a third of all injuries were due to “falls” of man on the same or different level, and being “struck by” or “caught in” the machine parts accounted for nearly another one third of the all injuries.
4) The information of labour scientist will be a great help in producing the program of accident prevention.View full abstractDownload PDF (962K) -
[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 432-437
Published: 1975
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[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 438-439
Published: 1975
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Takashi TANAKA1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 440-444
Published: 1975
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[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 445-451
Published: 1975
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[in Japanese]1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 452-461
Published: 1975
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1975 Volume 37 Issue 3 Pages 462-467
Published: 1975
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