JOURNAL of the JAPANESE SOCIETY of AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Online ISSN : 1884-6025
Print ISSN : 0285-2543
ISSN-L : 0285-2543
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Volume 71, Issue 5
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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ESSAY
SPECIAL EDITION
TECHNO-TOPICS
MINI REVIEW - LECTURE
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
PAPERS (Articles)
RESEARCH PAPERS
  • Effect of Ethanol Conversion Efficiency on Cost, CO2 Emission and Energy Balance in the Bioethanol Production System from Rice Straw
    Takahiro ORIKASA, Ken TOKUYASU, Takashi INOUE, Koji KOJIMA, Poritosh R ...
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_45-5_53
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_45
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    This study examines the cost, CO2 emission and energy balance of the bioethanol production process. In this process, bioethanol is produced from rice straws by concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The potentiality of bioethanol produced from rice straw as energy resources is also examined. The results reveal that the ethanol conversion efficiency greatly affects the ethanol production cost, CO2 emission, and energy balance. An energy recovering system based on lignin burning in a boiler system is necessary to reduce CO2 emission and to improve the energy balance of bioethanol production process. To reduce the cost of the bioethanol production, it is necessary to develop efficient methods for the collection of rice straws as well as to improve the efficiency of ethanol conversion processes.
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  • Analysis of the Interaction between a Tire and Soil by the Finite Element Method (Part 2)
    ——Shape of tire-soil contact surface under a static load and under tire traveling——
    Tatsuo HIROMA, Masaru ISAGO
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_54-5_59
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_54
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    The shape of the tire-soil contact surface under a static load and under tire traveling was investigated by finite element analysis using an anisotropic elastic wheel model and also by tests. The shape of the traveling tire was measured with a laser sensor installed on the rim of the tire. Under a static load, the tire shape on the contact surface formed an arc symmetric with the vertical axis running through the center of the tire. Under tire traveling, the arc of the contact surface shifted forward. Therefore, the maximum tire deformation moved anterior to the bottom dead center of the tire. The radius of curvature of the contact surface was longer under tire traveling than under static load, but it remained constant with decreasing inflation pressure of the tire and with increasing slippage. The analysis results under tire traveling agreed well with the test results, and so the anisotropic elastic wheel model of the tire was considered appropriate for analyses of the shape of the tire-soil contact surface.
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  • Acquisition and Utilization of Information for Grass-Land Using Satellite Positioning System and Geographic Information System (Part 1)
    ——Land amelioration based on Spatial Frequency Analysis——
    Aturo HAYAMI, Tae-Hwan KANG, Yutaka KAIZU, Noboru NOGUCHI
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_60-5_66
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_60
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    The objective of this research is to support a design for grass-land amelioration. The design method with a spatial filter was developed in this research analyzing grass-land amelioration by the skilled engineer. The tractor installed a RTK-GPS and an IMU which acquired topographical features before and after field improvement, and the amplitude change under the spatial frequency domain was analyzed. As the result, the amplitude at the frequency of 0.04 [m−1] (wavelength 25m) was reduced dramatically by the improvement. A spatial filter was made to mainly eliminate frequency of 0.04 [m−1]. Applying the designed filter, the land before amelioration became moderately flat surface, that was similar to the land after amelioration. Moreover, there was a high correlation between cut and fill depth of actual ameliorated land and the filtered land. This result suggests that the developed system can be applied to the construction plan of grass-land.
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TECHNICAL PAPERS
  • Effect of Operating Conditions of an Agricultural Tractor on Fuel Consumption (Part 1)
    ——Indoor Tests——
    Takashi GOTOH, Tsukasa TESHIMA, Yasuroh SUGIURA, Hiroyuki TAKAHASHI, K ...
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_67-5_72
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_67
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    We investigated the effect of operating conditions such as traveling speed gears, Power Take-Off (PTO) gears and engine speed of a 24kW agricultural tractor on fuel consumption. This paper reports the results of indoor tests conducted by applying loads to the PTO shaft with a dynamometer. As the PTO power and engine speed increased, the fuel consumption increased. The increasing rate of fuel consumption with increasing engine speed tended to rise as the PTO power was reduced. When no load was applied, the fuel consumption with the maximum engine speed was 3.7 times as large as that with the minimum engine speed. The fuel consumption per unit PTO power ranged from 300 to 1,200mL/kW·h and became minimum when loads corresponding to 70% of the maximum power were applied at each engine speed. The net fuel consumption per unit PTO power (the value obtained by deducting the fuel consumption under no load from the fuel consumption under load) ranged from 210 to 260mL/kW·h, indicating little difference among different operating conditions.
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  • Effect of Operating Conditions of an Agricultural Tractor on Fuel Consumption (Part 2)
    ——Rotary Tilling Tests——
    Takashi GOTOH, Tsukasa TESHIMA
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_73-5_80
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_73
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    We investigated the effect of operating conditions such as traveling speed gears, Power Take-Off (PTO) gears and engine speed of a 24kW agricultural tractor on fuel consumption in rotary tilling with three to four graded operating conditions and a constant tilling pitch. Fuel consumption was reduced by shifting to a higher traveling speed gear and PTO gear and by lowering engine speed. At constant traveling speed, the reduction rates when compared with fuel consumption at full throttle are 15 to 30% with PTO power at 55% of maximum PTO output (traveling at 0.5m/s) and 30 to 40% with PTO power at 30% of maximum engine output (traveling at 0.2m/s).
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  • Ammonia Emissions from Early Stage of Dairy Manure Composting with Different Bulking Materials
    Takeki MAEDA, Hisayoshi KOFUJITA, Takahiro TATEISHI, Mikinori TSUIKI
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_81-5_87
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_81
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    Rice husk, sawdust, and shredded paper were each mixed at a rate of 15% and 30% by dry weight into dairy manure as bulking materials to investigate their potential for reducing ammonia emissions. Composting was carried out in a 1-L reactor, and mixture temperatures were controlled to mimic the temperature of manure composting. Mixing the bulking materials into the dairy manure reduced mass of ammonia emitted during composting. Relative ammonia emissions based on manure nitrogen from mixtures bulked with sawdust or shredded paper were the same as those from unbulked manure, but emissions from rice husk mixtures were greater than those from unbulked manure. These results suggest that bulking materials do not reduce ammonia emissions at the mixing rates used.
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  • Application to Small-sized Diesel Engine of Biodiesel Fuel Generated from Rapeseed Oil
    Kunihiko NISHINO, Yusuke MIYATA, Yukinori SHIBUYA, Noboru NOGUCHI
    2009 Volume 71 Issue 5 Pages 5_88-5_94
    Published: September 01, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 21, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam.71.5_88
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    Recently, biomass has been seen as a means to fight global warming. Specifically, rapeseed oil and other wasted cooking oil are converted into biodiesel (BDF) ; and they already act as substitutes for diesel fuel in America, Europe and Japan. In this research, the properties of BDF from domestically produced rapeseed oil were studied, along with its performance and emissions when used as engine fuel. The results showed similar engine performance when either BDF or diesel fuel were used ; with a slightly higher thermal efficiency at higher loads in case of BDF. In terms of emissions, the BDF generated more CO2 and NOx than diesel fuel when compared based on the ISO 8178-4 standard ; contrarily CO emissions were reduced.
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