JOURNAL of the JAPANESE SOCIETY of AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Online ISSN : 1884-6025
Print ISSN : 0285-2543
ISSN-L : 0285-2543
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Volume 44, Issue 1
Displaying 1-26 of 26 articles from this issue
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 7
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.7
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Studies on Deeper Rotary Tillage (III)
    Field Test (II) Tilling Load Characteristics and Analysis of Throwing Tilled Soil
    Sakae SHIBUSAWA, Noboru KAWAMURA
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 9-16
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.9
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Field test on deeper rotary tillage by down cut tilling and up cut tilling was conducted on clay soil and sandy soil to confirm the characteristics of tilling torque, specific tilling energy and rear axle torque of tractor. The characteristics of throwing of tilled soil were also analyzed. Results were as follows.
    1) Both down cut tilling under the depth smaller than rotor radius and up cut tilling under the depth deeper than rotor radius with higher revolutional speed gave less tilling torque and specific tilling energy. The latter may be favolable for deeper rotary tillage.
    2) Tilling torque and specific tilling energy became larger, when throwing of tilled soil became inferior and most of tilled soil was cut again.
    3) Tilling torque and specific tilling energy by tillage in clay soil were much larger than that by tillage in sandy soil, and this was more evident when throwing of the soil was superior.
    4) Rear axle torque of tractor by up cut tilling was much larger than that by down cut tilling and the torque at tilling in clay soil was smaller than that in sandy soil.
    5) Throwing model of tilled soil was proposed and it will be usefull to analyze the throwing of tilled soil in field operation.
    6) From the analysis with the model, it was found that soil clods produced from the cutting of untilled soil fell down to the bottom and those produced from the cutting of tilled soil were thrown backward.
    7) It is important to improve the throwing performance at cutting of untilled soil for avoiding the repeated cutting.
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  • Studies on Agricultural Terrain Profiles (I)
    A Measuring Apparatus for Agricultural Terrain Profiles
    Kazuhiko OHMIYA, Katsuhiro MATSUI
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 17-22
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.17
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    A measuring apparatus for agricultural terrains which was based on the slope angle integration method was developed and evaluated. Some conclusions were as follows.
    1. Predicting the accuracy of an assumed apparatus, which had two axles and two wheels and the wheelbase of 150mm, by numeric calculation, it was found that the undulation of 250mm wavelength (4c/m) could be measured, by this apparatus.
    2. Investigating the influence of the roughnes and the shape of terrains on the accuracy of the apparatus by calculating the frequency response function it was recognized that the accuracy was not affected by them within the range where the gain and the coherency were large enough.
    3. According to the results of the numeric calculation, an apparatus was made, which had two axles and three wheels and the wheelbase of 150mm. The apparatus was tested on the artificially shaped road and the good agreement was found between the accuracy of the apparatus and the results of the numeric calculations.
    4. For the reasons mentioned above, it was found that the slope integration method and the apparatus were satisfiable for practical application
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  • Studies on the Tension, Compression and Shear of Rice Seedling Mats (I)
    Tension and Compression Characteristics
    Masami UENO, Haruo EZAKI, Syotaro YUZAWA, Akira YODA
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 23-30
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.23
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The tension and compression characteristics of rice seedling mats for the Japanese type rice transplanter became clear as fundamental physical properties in the sense of strength of materials. Results were as follows.
    (1) The tangential gradient of a typical stressstrain curve gradually decreased in the tension test, on the other hand in the compression test, gradually increased or might be regarded as constant i. e. a straight line. Those curves were approximated with following equation.
    σ=aεn
    where σ(kgf/cm2) is a stress, ε is a strain, and a (kgf/cm2) and n are material constants. The value of n is about 0.5 in tension and 1.0 in compression.
    (2) In the examination of tension characteristics using the values of a maximum tension stress, a secant modulus and a tangent modulus showed that those had interrelationships each other. The maximum tension stress could be regarded as a representative of the tension characteristics of mats. The values of maximum tension stress of tested mats ranged from 0 016kgf/cm2 (1.57kPa) to 0.170kgf/cm2 (17.3kPa).
    (3) The apparant longitudinal compression elasticity moduli ranged from 0.8kgf/cm2 (78.4kPa) to 4.1kgf/cm2 (401.8kPa).
    (4) Deformation rate has influence on the compression characteristics, but little on the tension characteristics.
    (5) The raising conditions for rice seedling i. e. a planting density of seed, days for raising and a weight of roots had influence on the tension characteristics, but little on the compression characteristics.
    (6) The kind of bed soils and soil properties had much influence on the compression characteristics, but a little on the tension characteristics.
    (7) Arranging the differences between tension and compression characteristics, the former was influenced mainly by root conditions and the latter by soil properties. This phenomenon was tried to account qualitatively by a simple model of mats.
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  • Parameters for Designing the Sprinkler Irrigation System under Wind Condition
    Shunichi OKAMURA, Kenji NAKANISHI, Yasuyoshi FUKUI
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 31-36
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.31
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    The degree of the uniformity of sprinkler irrigation in the field can be expressed by the distribution of water application rate and the uniformity coefficient. Those are important factors for planning and controlling the sprinkler irrigation system.
    The authors proposed previously the computer calculation method for evaluating those factors being operated under practical operating conditions involving wind drift of sprays. The calculation is performed from the geometry of sprinklers arrangement, the trajectories of sprays, and the discharge profile of a single sprinkler. The input data required are those obtained from a standard sprinkler discharge profile test performed at nowind condition.
    The following results are obtained by applying the above calculation method, The effect of the angle of wind with respect to main line axis on the uniformity coefficient is little, the effect of wind drift of sprays on the uniformity coefficient can be neglected under wind speed less than 1m/s, the effect of wind on the mutual relation between uniformity coeffient and overlapping is not observed, the shape of sprinkler discharge profile that yields the maximum value of uniformity coefficient is changed from triangular one to rectangular one as the overlapping is increased, and the arrangement that yields the greater value of uniformity coefficient is the triangular one in the range of large spacing along main line axis. As a practical example in this study, the layout of the overlapping sprinklers is designed using 60 F 3 sprinkler as that the effects of wind drift and nozzle pressure on the uniformity of the distribution of water application rate is little.
    The data obtained by the analysis and the proposed calculation method may be very useful for planning and controlling sprinkler irrigation systems.
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  • On the Factor Affected for Droplet Size of Water Sprayed Nozzle
    Kazuo HORIBE, Kiyotsune SHIRAI
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 37-44
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.37
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    To use a sprinkler for multiple objects, it is required that the droplet size is gained in a wide range and a validity of the sprinkler nozzle must be studied from the point of a saved energy of a sprayed water. In this report, the effect of the nozzle diameter, the pressure of a water, etc, on the droplet size important in the nozzle design has been investigated. The results were as follows.
    (1) The influence of density, coefficient of viscosity, surface tension of the water, the nozzle diameter, the pressure, the nozzle shape and pressure losses in the nozzle on the droplet size were shown with eqs. (19), (20), (21).
    (2) Small droplet size was gained with increasing the pressure and making the nozzle diameter small. The effect of the former was larger than the latter by the comparison of its exponent.
    (3) Shape factor, β, has been introduced to examine the influence of the nozzle shape difference. When the sprinkler nozzle shape was replaced circle type with triangle shape, in other words, β became large, the droplet size became small. A droplet gained in a triangle type was the same size with double pressures in a circle type. Then, this is useful for the saved energy. Simple nozzle shapes with large, β were demonstrated.
    (4) The effects of a internal structure and a manufactured accuracy of the nozzles on the droplet size were determined from the standpoint of pressure losses in the nozzles. When the pressure losses became large, the droplet size became small. It is not easy to estimate the pressure losses because of difficulty of measurement for a velocity in the nozzles. However, this values were assessed easily by using a experimental apparatus in this report, so it is possible for the apparatus to serve for an ability test of a water sprayed nozzle.
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  • Studies on Trial Piano-Wire Blades for Bush Cutter (III)
    Physical Stress
    Toshitake ARAMAKI, Takemi ABE, Jun YAMASHITA
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 45-51
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.45
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    The effect of using piano-wire blade and cut-away blades on the extent of operator's physical stress was studied. The evaluation of physical stress in mowing work was done by recording the bipolar surface EMG on sixteen main muscles in shoulders and arms, and measuring heart rate and GSR. The results are as follows:
    1. In the case of piano-wire blade, most of mown grasses were scattered and did not obstruct the movement of the blade. On the contrary, in the case of cut-away blade, mown grasses were piled up on the blade and trailed which produced additional operating resistance.
    2. In mowing work using piano-wire blade, values of EMG and heart rate were small irrelevant to the weight of blade and kind of weeds, which mean the physical stress of operator was greatly lightend. When weeds which have big, hard and tall stems, such as Goldenrod, were mown, the operator had to strike the blade to the stems strongly, and consequently, his heart rate and stress of muscle increased nearly to the working limit. In mowing work of ordinary weeds, using worn cut-away blade, heart rate of operator increased as a result of cutting weeds repeatedly.
    3. When the piano-wire blade struck against stones, the amount of GSR was much less than that obtained by using the cut-away blades.
    The piano-wire blade will not easy to be damaged by obstacle, as it turn round in all direction at installation part (so-called flail type) and has not sharp edge. Therefore, operator has no need to worry about the breaking and abrasion of cutting blade.
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  • Studies on a Shaking Separator (III)
    Motion of a Grain on the Plane
    Toshio IWAO
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 53-60
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.53
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    Succeeding to the previous report, this paper dealt minutely with the theoretical analysis and experimental studies concerning the flowing velocity of a grain in the condition of three dimensional movement on the plane surface on a shaking separator with a sinusoidal motion. And the motion of a grain was experimentally studied with the pictures of stroboscope. The mean velocity of a grain was the value in the flowing direction of it.
    The main results were as follows;
    1) The motion of a grain was subject to the frequencies, inclination angles (α, β), projection angles, amplitudes of the shaking separator and frictional coefficient of a grain.
    2) The mean negative velocity in the little frictional coefficient of a grain gradually increased with the increase of frequencies and inclination angles.
    3) The mean velocity of a grain of the theoretical value was nearly equal to that of the experimental value. And the rationality of the theoretical analysis was ascertained.
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  • Numerical Calculation of Internal Stresses in Brown Rice Kernel during Drying Process(Part 2)
    On Cracking Mechanism and Internal Stresses of Rice Kernel
    Shinkichi YAMAGUCHI, Shingo YAMAZAWA, Kaichiro WAKABAYASHI, Noboru TSU ...
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 61-68
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.61
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In order to investigate the relationships between the changes of cracked rice percentage and the internal stresses of a brown rice kernel, an estimation of the stresses was proposed and changes of the stresses in kernel were compared with that of the cracked rice percentages under various preserving conditions after drying processes. The following results were obtained.
    (1) It was found that the changes of the cracked rice percentage were closely related to that of the stresses estimated in a rice kernel during these processes.
    (2) It was seemed that the crack generation in a rice kernel was controlled by the tangential stress (one of the principal stress), independently of the maximum shear stress in the kernel.
    (3) It is possible to predict the changes of craeked rice percentage by estimating the internal stresses of a rice kernel under various processes.
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  • Energy Evaluation Method of Grain Drier (II)
    Minimum energy required for grain drying and partial quantities of grain moisture
    Koro KATO
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 69-78
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.69
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    The theoretical values of minimum energy required for grain drying were derived by treating the wet grain as multi-component system, and the concrete values for paddy drying were obtained. Moreover, the quantities of the thermodynamic state of moisture in grain and moist grain were obtained as the function of the moisture content and temperature with the parameters of the heat of wetting and equilibrium relative humidity.
    1. The relationships between the partial specific quantities of grain moisture (partial enthalpy, partial entropy, partial free enthalpy) and the differential heat of wetting, equilibrium relative humidity and temperature, moisture content are expressed in equations (2-20-22) and in figure (2-2)
    2. In the same procedure, the quantities of state of moist gram are expressed in equations (2-24-28) and in figure (2-3).
    3. The minimum energy required for grain drying (required total energy) can be divided into two parts: the effective part (the minimum work to remove grain moisture) and the ineffective part (endothermic heat).
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  • Combustion Characteristics of Husk Charcoal
    Hiroshi SHIMIZU, Toshinori KIMURA, Yoshio NISHIYAMA, Tsutomu TERUI
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 79-84
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.79
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    The authors developed a new device for the purpose of studying the combustion of various husk charcoal and experiments were conducted to obtain the relations between combustion and specific air flow rate G. The results were as follows.
    1. Maximum combustion temperature Tp was related to specific air flow rate G. The value for Tp yielded the highest value of 1350°C when G was 0.56Nm3/min. kg. In order to decrease the value for Tp, in was required that the vales for G was sufficiently smaller than 0.56Nm3/min. kg. The suction aeration was the most recommended method to realize such condition.
    2. The value for Tp was hardly related to the carbon ratio φ of the husk charcoal. The values Tp for moistened materials became slightly smaller than those of dried materials. The critical specific air flow rates Gp were nearly equal to 0.56Nm3/min kg for all experimental conditions.
    3. Combustion propagation velocity was expressed as a power function of specific air flow rate G. Theoretical flame temperatures Tth which were calculated for boundless bed had a linear correlation to specific air flow rates G. If the specific air flow rate G increased. the steep increase was shown for both combustion propagation velocity Vf and maximum combustion temperature Tp, which might give an explosive combustion and a dangerously high temperature.
    4. An exponential correlation was observed between theoretial excess air ratio m calculated from eq. (2) and specific air flow rate G. The values for m considering boundless bed approached 1.0 asymptotically, while more practical values for Mth which were calculated from using θf′ instead of θf in Fig. 2 took the value 2.0. When m took the value 1.0, the calculated value for Tth was 2550°C.
    5. Theoretical flame temperature Tth′ was determined from the combustion propagation velocity Vf′ which was obtained by more practical combustion time θf′ The relation between the theoretical flame temperature Tth and the specific air flow rate G was similar to the relation between the observed maximum temperature Tp and the specific air flow rate G.
    6. The deviations of Vf from the regression curve had a slight positive correlation as to the bulk densities ρ of the husk charcoal. So the bulk density ρ did not have a significant effect on the combustion characteristics of husk charcoal.
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  • An Evaluation Method of the Cooked Cocoons' States Adapted to the Characteristics of Cocoons
    Chiyuki TAKABAYASHI, Akira HOSOKAWA
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 85-92
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.85
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    The cooking state of cocoons is empirically judged by touching and pressing shells of cocoons by fingers, In replace of this conventional method, the N-value based on Hertz's law was introduced to quantitatively evaluate cooking state of cocoons, and the involvement of water content and solubility of sericine in the layer of cocoons to the N-value was studied.
    The results in this study could be applied for detecting the feedback information in order to control the state of cooked cocoons.
    1. As swelling and macerating of sericine in the cocoon layer proceeded, the N-value became smaller. Therefore the state of cooked cocoons could be estimated by the N-value.
    2. In the case of cocoons cooked in the same condition, as the swelling and macerating of sericine in the cocoon layer was easier, the N-value was smaller. Thus the state of swelling and macerating of sericine in the cocoon layer could be recognized by the N-value.
    3 If the reelability of cocoons is known before cooking, the suitable N-value for cocoons could be estimated.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 94
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.94
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 95-96
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.95
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 96
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.96
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 97-98
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.97
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 98-99
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.98
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 99-100
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.99
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 100
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.100
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 101-102
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.101
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 102-103
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.102
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 103-104
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.103
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 104-105
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.104
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 107-109
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.107
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  • [title in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 110-114
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.110
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 44 Issue 1 Pages 115-117
    Published: 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11357/jsam1937.44.115
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