To study the age difference in sweating during muscular exercise, two series of experiments were conducted under constant climatic conditions (29 ± 1°C DB, 60 ± 5 % RH, 0.45±0.05 m/sec air flow) . In series A, 7 to 20 years old male subjects undertook 5-minute running or pedalling of a bicycle ergometer in various seasons. In this series of experiments, pectoral sweat volume, sweat chloride concentration, rectal and mean skin temperatures were in general determined every 5 minutes and, when necessary, the total body sweat volume was calculated from the body weight loss. In series B, the age difference in the sweating in relation to physical training was studied. Subjects, 3 to 20 years old received experimental physical training of 5-minute or 500m-running. Before and after the training, a work load of 3- or 5-minute outdoor running was assigned to them. Furthermore, before and after the training, 10 and 11 years old subjects were given a fixed mechanical work rate on a bicycle ergometer. In these experiments, most of the parameters described above were measured. In series A, age differences in sweating during exercise were noticed to be dependent on the intensity of work load between pre- and post-adolescents. When the work load was heavy enough to cause a rapid increase in rectal temperature, the sweat volume became significantly less, the mean skin temperature was far higher, and the sweat chloride concentration was remarkably smaller in the pre-adolescent subjects than in the post-adolescent ones. In series B, an age difference in the effect of physical training was also found on sweating during exercise. The effect of physical training on sweating in the pre-adolescent individuals was generally less significant than in adults and sometimes showed a different pattern from that of adults. From these results, it can be concluded that sweating in the pre-adolescents is less adaptive, particularly to continuous severe exercise and that physical training is less effective in them than in the post-adolescents.

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本研究の目的は, 直立時動揺の年齢による変化をみることである。被検者は, 20才代から60才代までの健康な男女45名であった。年齢別被検者数は, 20才代が12名, 30才代が10名, 40才代が10名, 50才代が9名, 60才代が4名であった。動揺測定装置は, 1辺が65cmの正三角形のアクリル樹脂板を荷重センサーで3点支持したものである。
被検者は, この動揺測定装置の上で, 開眼および閉眼でそれぞれ2分間直立姿勢を維持した。動揺による荷重変動は電気信号に変換され, 磁気テープに記録された。動揺度は1分間当りの身体重心の水平面上に対する投影軌跡の長さで示した。重心移動距離の算出は, すべて, A-D変換能力を備えた電子計算機 (HITAC-10-II) を用いて行なわれた。その結果, 次のようなことが明らかとなった。
1.直立時動揺を重心移動距離でみた場合, 開眼および閉眼のいずれの条件下においても, 年齢の進むにつれて増加する傾向があった。増加の度合は, 開眼状態では漸増的であるのに対し, 閉眼状態では50才代以降著しく大きくなった。
2.重心移動距離を前後方向 (Y) 成分および左右方向 (X) 成分に分解してYとXの比率 (Y/X) を求め, その年齢的推移をみると, 開眼および閉眼のいずれの条件下においても年齢の進むにつれて漸減傾向を示した。したがって, 年齢の進むにつれて, 前後方向よりも左右の方向へ動きの増加することがうかがえた。
3.X成分, Y成分のそれぞれについて, 閉眼値と開眼値の比率を求め比較したところ, すべての年齢層においてY成分におけるよりもX成分に
おける方が大きい傾向にあった。このことから, 眼を閉じることによって前後方向よりも左右方向への動きの割合がより多く増加する傾向がうかがえた。
4.直立時動揺の年齢的推移をみると, 開眼よりも閉眼状態において動揺の増加率が大きいことから, 平衡機序は加齢に伴って変容し, 特に視覚系以外の調節機能の著しく退行することが示唆された。

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A number of investigators have been concerned with the anthropometric as well as physical characteristics of sumo wrestlers during the past several decades. However, none have attempted to determine body density and percent body fat by the most accurate technique of hydrostatic or underwater weighings. Thus, a precise quantification of body density and percent body fat for the wrestlers has not yet been obtained. Ogawa et al. (1972) have predicted the body composition of sumo wrestlers from a formula which added the triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. As the regression equation used in this instance was based on samples of normal young men, it may not have great predictive accuracy when used on the exceptional population of very stout athletes.
The purposes of this study were : (1) to assess the validity of percent body fat estimation by skinfold thickness measurement when compared to the hydrostatic weighing criterion method ; (2) to determine the interrelationships between anthropometric variables for use in the clear assessment of the physical characteristics of ‘Shindeshi’ sumo wrestlers ; and (3) to thereby develop a formula that would reliably predict percent body fat using skinfold thicknesses and/or anthropometric measurements in this exceptional population. The interrelationships between anthropometric and body composition variables were investigated using 35 Shindeshi sumo wrestlers, aged 15-20 years (X=16.5±1.5) .
The results of the present study can be summarized as follows.
1. The Shindeshi in the present study possessed physiques more developed than those tested in the past, as evidenced by Rohrer's and Ponderal Indices which were approximately 180 and 26.2, respectively. The development of body weight was particularly notable (i.e., over 100kg) .
2. Percent body fat for the Shindeshi was remarkably higher than that of a normal population of the same age, with approximately seventy percent of the Shindeshi possessing more than 20% body fat and less than 1.05000 body density.
3. Body density and height correlated negatively and insignificantly with almost all the variables. In contrast, correlations of body weight, circumferences, and all other variables were, in most cases, high and positive, with body weight correlating least with height. The skinfold measurement correlating best with % body fat was that taken at the thigh site (r=0.898) . The circumference measurements correlating best with % body fat were obtained at the thigh (r=0.888 and 0.831) and the abdomen (r=0 885) parts.
4. Of the six formulae for estimating % body fat, Sloan's correlated best with % body fat as determined by densitometry, and best approximated the mean value of 24.5%. However, all of the equations underestimated the measured % body fat of the Shindeshi.
5. When an exceptional population is being investigated, estimation of % body fat should be done with a population specific equation to ensure predictive accuracy. The following multiple regression equation (r=0.963) should, therefore, be utilized for estimation of % body fat in sumo wrestlers.
Y=0.2488x₁+0.6172x₂-14.3962 where x₁ and x₂ are abdomen circumference and skinfold thickness at thigh, respectively.

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13週令雄性ラットにトレッドミル走 (25m/分, 傾斜2度) を負荷し, 運動の経時的変化にともなう血中諸物質 (glycerol, 乳酸, 遊離脂肪酸) とin vitroにおける副睾丸脂肪組織の脂肪分解能との関係から運動時の脂肪組織での脂肪分解機構を知ろうとし, 以下の結果を得た。
1) 血漿中FFA並びにglycerolは走行30分時から両者共に増加し, exhaustionli寺にはglycerolのみがさらに増加した。
2) 血中乳酸は走行開始10分時並びにexhaustion時に大きな増加が観察された。
3) in vitroでの脂肪組織の脂肪分解能はbasal lipolysisで運動時間の延長にともなう変化は認められなかった。一方, norepinephrine添加時のlipolysisは運動時間の延長にともなって減少した。
4) 血漿中FFA並びに血中乳酸と脂肪組織でのnorepinephrne添加時のlipolysisとの関係は, それらの物質の濃度が増加するにつれlipolysisは抑制された。
以上の結果から, norepinephrineによる脂肪分解促進作用は遊離脂肪酸並びに乳酸により抑制されるものであり, 運動時に認められる血中遊離脂肪酸の上昇を単にnorepinephrineの増加による脂肪分解の促進のみでは説明できず, 他のホルモン又はそれらホルモンの相互作用を考える必要があると考えた。

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優秀な陸上競技ジュニア選手11名を対象に, 中学・高校・大学期をとおして厳しい持久力トレーニングを継続することがaerobic powerの発達にどう影響するか, またaerobic powerと競技記録の関連性を明らかにするためにaerobic powerを縦断的に測定し, 次のような結果を得た。
(1) 大学一流選手として活躍中の6名 (グループI) のaerobic powerは14・15才においてすでに同年令の一般青少年の平均値より16～55%上まわっていた。 (3.03～4.00l/分) 57.2～72.2ml/kg分)
(2) グループIの被検者は高校期の3年間 (16～18才) に一般青少年より高いaerobic powerの増加を示した。 (一般青少年; 0.44l/分, 2.7ml/kg・分, グループI; 0.83l/分, 9.4ml/kg・分) (3) グループIの被検者のaerobic powerは18・19才でほぼ最大値に達する。18・19才までの最大値は5.00l/分 (被検者A) , 80.1ml/kg・分 (被検者C) であった。
(4) 18才以後トレーニングを中止した被検者5名 (グループII) のaerobic powerは中止後一般青少年の値の範囲にまで減少する傾向がみられた。減少の範囲は0.30～0.73l/分 (8～22%) であった。
(5) 全国高校選手権大会に出場したグループIの被検者は17才までにほぼ41/分, 70ml/kg・分の水準に達していた。
(6) 中学・高校期のジュニア選手の競技記録は絶対値のaerobic powerと密接な関係があった。またこの時期の競技記録はaerobic powerの増大と密接に関連しながら向上していく様子がみられた。
本研究の一部は昭和49・53年度の文部省科学研究補助金によるものであり, また昭和51年度東海地区体育学研究助成費によって行われたものである。

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One third to one fourth of main life is devoted to growth and motor development. An urbanization and a lack of big muscular activity in childhood may lead to impaire development of individual physical activity and attendant function.
A riding on a bicycle is the play which is so great favorite with the children. The purpose of this study was to determine the riding on the bicycle or cycling in children from view point of physiological aspect.
In this experiment, at first, using a special electric device maximum and ordinary cycling speeds were measured. Forty children, aged 5 years of old of male and female, were employed as subject. The maximum and ordinary cycling speeds were 3.40m/sec-4.45m/sec and 1.30m/sec-1.65m/sec for male, 2.94m/sec-3.68m/sec and 1.20m/sec-1.52m/sec for female, respectively. There was a difference in the cycling speed among the size and type of bicycle, sexuality, and physical fitness level of subject.
It is the further the purpose of this study to determine the oxygen intake and cardio response of the schoolboys and schoolgirls, aged 6-9 years old, during cycling with various speeds at different lanes. During cycling at flat lane heart rate and estimated oxygen intake were 113 beats/min-128 beats/min and 0.39 l/min-0.48l/min, respectively. It could be said that the physiological intensity of cycling is insufficient to improve the aerobic working capacity of children.
Making comparison of the oxygen intake and heart rate between the flat lane and upward slope, those for upward slope were much more than for the flat lane.

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