Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B

Reviews

From migration to settlement: the pathways, migration modes and dynamics of neurons in the developing brain

Yumiko HATANAKA, Yan ZHU, Makio TORIGOE, Yoshiaki KITA, Fujio MURAKAMI

2016 Volume 92 Issue 1 Pages 1-19
Published: January 09, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: January 09, 2016

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.92.1

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Neuronal migration is crucial for the construction of the nervous system. To reach their correct destination, migrating neurons choose pathways using physical substrates and chemical cues of either diffusible or non-diffusible nature. Migrating neurons extend a leading and a trailing process. The leading process, which extends in the direction of migration, determines navigation, in particular when a neuron changes its direction of migration. While most neurons simply migrate radially, certain neurons switch their mode of migration between radial and tangential, with the latter allowing migration to destinations far from the neurons’ site of generation. Consequently, neurons with distinct origins are intermingled, which results in intricate neuronal architectures and connectivities and provides an important basis for higher brain function. The trailing process, in contrast, contributes to the late stage of development by turning into the axon, thus contributing to the formation of neuronal circuits.

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Novel concept of iSALT (inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue) in the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Tetsuya HONDA, Kenji KABASHIMA

2016 Volume 92 Issue 1 Pages 20-28
Published: January 09, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: January 09, 2016

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.92.20

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Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases, which is classified as a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response. The development of ACD is divided into two phases: sensitization and elicitation. In the sensitization phase, antigen-specific effector T cells are induced in the draining lymph nodes by antigen-captured cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate from the skin. In the elicitation phase, the effector T cells are activated in the skin by antigen-captured cutaneous DCs and produce various chemical mediators, which create antigen-specific inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in the immunological mechanisms of ACD, focusing on the mechanisms in the elicitation phase. The observations of elicitation of CHS lead to the emerging novel concept of iSALT (inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue).

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Photonic quantum information: science and technology

Shigeki TAKEUCHI

2016 Volume 92 Issue 1 Pages 29-43
Published: January 09, 2016
Released on J-STAGE: January 09, 2016

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.92.29

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Recent technological progress in the generation, manipulation and detection of individual single photons has opened a new scientific field of photonic quantum information. This progress includes the realization of single photon switches, photonic quantum circuits with specific functions, and the application of novel photonic states to novel optical metrology beyond the limits of standard optics. In this review article, the recent developments and current status of photonic quantum information technology are overviewed based on the author’s past and recent works.

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