A review on the progress of photography in foreign countries in the year of 1964. Articles are selected from publications covering the following fields: general view, cameras, lenses and accesories, light sources, silver halide sensitive materials, non silver sensitive materials, color photography, theories of photographic sensitivity, processing, sensitometry, motion picture technics, scientific photography and photolithography.

抄録全体を表示

The photosensitive layer of silver halide was made by vacuum deposition, and the properties of it's crystal and photographic sensitivity were studied.
The temperature of the vapor source was measured by thermo-couple, and the pressure was kept constant (1.0×10^-4 Torr) during evaporation of AgBr.
The information of the crystal form was obtained by direct observation with electron microscope and it's orientation was examined by X-ray diffraction.
With increasing mean-thickness of the layer, the particle rapidly became large in size and it's orientation changed from (111) to (200), and the sensitivity of the layer gradually increased to maximum and then decreased.
The higher temperature of the vapor source gave higher sensitivity to the resulting layer.
The relation between the properties of crystal and the sensitivity was discussed.

抄録全体を表示

Photographic behaviours of polyethyleneoxides were investigated using three kinds of films, -F-Ias a control, F-II containing an amphotheric polyethylene oxide (AEO), and F-III containing a polyethylene oxide alkylphenol ether (EO) and a cationic surfactant (C), of which chemical constitutions are shown in Table I.
AEO or EO had always a sensitizing effect for a development by D-76, while they had a sensitizing effect at an initial stage of a development or a low exposed region but had a desensitizing effect at a later stage of it and in addition a high exposed region for a development by either N.S.G.(high pH MQ) or PQ developer (Fig.1-3).
AEO or EO added to an emulsion was washed out of the emulsion layer by washing with running water but when the film was immersed to a solution with high content of salts or to a developer solution, they flew out so little that the sensitizing effect by AEO or EO was not lost (Fig. 4-6). So, we need not to consider any change of the photographic character of F-II caused by decrease of AEO concentration during a development.
After washing, the density of F-III was higher than that of F-I and F-II. This fact means that the cationic surfactant didn't flew out but remained adsorbed, so the cationic character of AEO for adsorption is very weak. This is ascribed to its tetrahedral constitution around the nitrogen atom and to have hydrophilic long chains. The negative charge of -CH₂O00- is not a major factor because the same result was obtained when -CH₂O00- was substituted by -CH₂C₆H₅.
The PQ developer without buffer was aerated of which degree of oxydation was estimated 1) by measurement of pH and titration by HCl solution and 2) by analysis of HQ using difference of ultraviolet absorption before and after extraction by butyl acetate. It was concluded that HQ was completely oxydized when pH of the solution reached to 11 (Fig. 7). To the aerated developer, borax and boric acid were added and pH was adjusted to 8.8, just before the development. Fig. 8-10 which give the results of the developments, show that the sensitizing effect by either AEO or EO was lost as the developer was aerated upto pH 11 and that the desensitizing effects by them increased as pH of developer was beyond 10.5. This means the sensitizing actions of them are exhibited only for HQ, contrary to the result of a develpment with HQ alone by H. W. Wood. This conclusion was confirmed by the following two experiments. In the first place, a time-density curves of developments by a developer solution aerated to pH 12.3 and then adjusted pH to 8.8 are given in Fig. 11. To this developer solution, lg/1 of HQ was added and films were develped, of which a result was shown in Fig. 12. By addition of HQ to the developer, F-II and F-III recovered the sensitizing effect. In the second place, PHQMS developer solution in which HQ of PQ developer solution was substituted by the equimolecular sodium hydroquinone monosulfonate, was used and the result was shown in Fig. 13. In this case, the sensitizing effect of either AEO or EO has almost been lost and the desensitizing effect magnified.

抄録全体を表示

Authors have developed the making technique about the ultra-thin cross-section specimen of photo-graphic emulsion layer for electron-microscopical observation. We consider that this specimen will showthe faithful appearances of optional cross-section of emulsion layer, because of this specimen is so thin (few hundred Å) and stable.
Hence, it is possible to determine the number of silver halide grain or developed silver grain per unit area of emulsion layer based on the microscopical caluculation of grain's number dispersed in the ultra-thin cross-section of emulsion layer. We measured the number of silver halide grain in the undeveloped emulsion layer of Neopan SS Film and the number of developed grain of each six parts of developed layer of the same film along three characteristic curves which were exposed in sensitometer and developed by D-72 (1: 2), ID-68 and DK-20 developers at 20°C: 3 min., 20°C: 10 min. and 20°C: 15 min. respectively, according to above mentioned procedure. These values are shown and discussed in connection with exposure quantity and density.

抄録全体を表示