Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are widely used as supplements and pharmaceuticals because of their beneficial effects on human health. Triacylglycerols (TAG) and glycerophospholipids (GPL) comprise the primary chemical structures of DHA/EPA in marine sources. Furthermore, DHA/EPA-enriched glycerophospholipids (DHA/EPA-GPL) and lysoglycerophospholipids (DHA/EPA-LysoGPL) consumed through food and supplements are more effective than TAG in promoting health, which may be attributed to a specific underlying mechanism. However, the specific effects of DHA/EPA bound to GPL structure have been still unclear. The aim of this review is to clarify the significance of the binding of DHA/EPA to GPL in promoting the health benefits of DHA/EPA-GPL and DHA/EPA-LysoGPL. Additionally, the potential use of fishery by-products as sources of DHA/EPA-GPL and DHA/EPA-LysoGPL has been discussed.

Tangeretin is one of the most abundant polymethoxyflavones in citrus peel and its pharmacological effects are extremely rich. However, due to its poor solubility, bitter taste and poor oral bioavailability, the oral administration of tangeretin is still limited, which seriously limits its application in industrial production. The establishment of encapsulation and delivery systems to improve bioavailability is an effective method. This paper reviewed the research progress of the structure and properties, pharmacological effects and main methods to improve bioavailability of tangeretin, including emulsion delivery, lipid encapsulation, microencapsulation and other delivery and utilization research and application. The article aims to provide theoretical basis for the high-value application of tangeretin in functional food and pharmaceutical industry.

In this study, the role of roasting on the total phenol, antioxidant capacity, phenolic constituents and fatty acid profile of the grape seeds was investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of the grape seeds roasted in microwave (MW) and conventional oven (CO) systems were recorded between 673.57 (control) and 713.57 (MW) to 7121.67 (MW) and 7791.67 mg/100 g (CO), respectively. Antioxidant activities of the grape seeds varied between 6.57 (MW) and 7.24 mmol/kg (control). Catechin and rutin quantities of the grape seeds were recorded to be between 435.30 (CO) and 581.57 (control) to 94.94 (CO) and 110.53 mg/100 g (MW), respectively. While gallic acid amounts of the seed samples are established between 21.06 (control) and 101.79 (MW), quercetin values of the grape seeds were assigned to be between 56.59 (control) and 77.81 mg/100 g (CO). In addition, p-coumaric acid and resveratrol quantities of the grape seeds were recorded between 15.43 (control) and 22.98 (CO) to 12.50 (CO) and 29.57 mg/100 g (MW), respectively. The main fatty acids in oil samples were linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids in decreasing order. Linoleic and oleic acid values of the oils provided from grape seeds were recorded to be between 72.75 (control) and 73.33% (MW) to 14.79 (CO) and 14.87% (MW), respectively. It was observed that the element results related to the grape seed differed based on the roasting type when compared to the control. The most abundant elements in the grape seed were K, P, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Ca, Zn, and K and P amounts of the grape seeds were reported to be between 6706.93 (MW) and 7089.33 (control) to 2764.27 (CO) and 2927.97 mg/kg (control), respectively. It is thought that it would be beneficial to add grape seeds to foods as an ingredient by taking into account these phytochemical components as a result of the applied heat treatment.

Bile salts, present in the gastrointestinal tract as biosurfactants, play a crucial role in emulsifying and solubilizing fat-soluble nutrients and drugs, thereby facilitating their absorption. However, the cellular permeation of bile acid-mixed micelles solubilized with lipophilic substances remains inadequately explored. To comprehend the cell permeation behavior of bile salts and their mixed micelles, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were employed as a cell-mimetic system, prepared with dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). Confocal laser scanning microscopy, utilizing fluorescent dyes doped in the lipid membrane and solubilized substances, was employed to observe morphological changes in GUVs subsequent to the application of sodium cholate (NaC) alone and NaC-mixed micelles solubilized with lipophilic components. In the case of NaC alone, below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the monomer interacts with the lipid membrane of the GUV, inducing endocytic morphological changes that result in the formation of small vesicles containing the bulk liquid inside the GUV. Conversely, when both monomers and micelles interacted with the lipid membrane beyond the CMC, lipid aggregates such as buds and threads protruded outward from the GUV. Contrastingly, upon application of three types of NaC mixed micelles—NaC-P solubilized with Palmitoyloleoylphosphocholine (POPC), NaC-P-F solubilized with oleic acid (OA) and monoolein (MO), and NaC-P-P solubilized with perylene, a liposoluble dye—to the GUV, the lipid membranes formed aggregates or vesicles and migrated into the interior of the GUV. In the case of NaC-P and NaC-P-P, the coexistence of drawn lipid aggregates and solubilized substances was scarcely observed. In contrast, for NaC-P-F, the coexistence of solubilized substances was observed in both lipid aggregates and small vesicles that migrated into the GUV. It is suggested that the partitioning of the solubilized substance from the mixed micelles adsorbed on the GUV to the lipid bilayer is implicated in the permeation of the solubilized substance through the cell membrane.

In the present study, the mixed micellization behavior of gemini surfactant-1, 5-bis (N-hexadecyl- N, N-dimethylammonium) pentane dibromide (G5) with non-ionic surfactant triton X-100 (TX-100) was investigated in the micellar phase by utilizing the conductometric technique. The deviation of ideal critical micelle concentration (cmc*) from experimental critical micelle concentration (cmc) has been estimated using well-known Clint’s theory of mixed micelles. The regular solution approximation was used to determine the interaction parameter (β) and found to be negative. The negative values of β at all mole fractions confirm an attractive interaction between two mixed components. The activity coefficients and excess Gibbs free energy of mixed micelles have been calculated by using different approximations, like Rubingh, Lange and Motomura. Counterion binding (g) computed from the post and premicellar slopes of specific conductance vs. concentration graph. Overall, in most of cases, in presence of TX-100, the counterion binding of gemini surfactant was found to be less in magnitude. The molecular interaction was also investigated by the density function theory (DFT). A polarizable continuum model (PCM) was used (with water as a solvent) to optimize the single surfactants and their mixture. The computational process was carried out by the B3LYP method and the 6-31G basis set.

Antibiotic resistance is a world wide problem mainly in developing countries. In this work, coelomic fluid (PCF) and paste (PBP) of Pheretima posthuma was assessed for its potential as antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing (QS) agent against pathogenic bacterial biofilms. PCF and PBP were extracted and biofilm formation time kinetics was examined using crystal violet staining method by utilizing four bacterial isolates in bispecies biofilm (06 combinations; MH5-MH10) and multi species biofilms (05 combinations; MH11-MH15). QS study was performed by determining pyocyanin formation time kinetics using 03 P. aeruginosa strains at various time periods (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours). Following next, anti- QS effect was analyzed by measuring pyocyanin concentrations. Results showed that among bispecies bacterial biofilms, MH5-MH7 combinations showed significantly higher biofilm (p < 0.05) after 72 hours while other three (MH8-MH10) produced maximum biofilm after 48 to 72 hours. Likewise, for multispecies biofilms, maximum biofilm was noted after 48-72 hours. QS analysis revealed that PA1 strain synthesized highly significant (p < 0.001) pyocyanin (20 µg/mL) after 96 hours compared to PA2 and PA3 strains, which formed significant pyocyanin (18 µg/mL) after 72 hours. Also, 100-150 µg/mL of both PCF and PBP exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in biofilm while 200 µg/mL concentration showed highest QS against all selected strains. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of its kind on the potential application of earthworm PCF and PBP for its antibiofilm and anti-QS potential. The study recommends precise chemistry of bioactive agents and their probable mechanism(s) of actions for the observed interference. Also, new pharmaceutical drugs synthesized using bioactive agents from PCF and PCB may surely have the potential to manage different infection problems caused by bacterial biofilms.

A simple synthetic method for pinocembrin from cinnamic acid and 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene was provided. This method can be performed in one-pot two steps reaction using inexpensive chemical reagents, whereas conventional methods need multiple steps from somewhat expensive starting reagents. The experimental procedure is facilitated, that is, to a DMF solution of cinnamoyl chloride generated in situ, a solution of 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene and AlCl ₃ in DCE/PhNO ₂ was added, and the resultant mixture was heated to afford pinocembrin. This method does not require protection of phenolic hydroxy groups.

Aquilaria agallocha is an economically valuable plant facing endangerment, sought after globally for its production of agarwood. A. agallocha tree possesses medicinal and aromatic properties in its fruits, branches, leaves, wood, and roots, which are being studied for their effective compounds and their potential bioactive effects on human health. This study aimed to uncover the phytochemical properties and biological activities of A. agallocha roots, which possess medicinal and aromatic characteristics. The phenolic, organic acid, and sugar profiles of A. agallocha roots were determined using HPLC-DAD, while mineral distributions were analyzed via ICP-AES. In vitro antioxidant capacity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Furthermore, the antibacterial effects of methanol extracts of A. agalocha roots against S. aureus, S. carnosus, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, L. innocua, K. pneumoniae, and E. faecalis were estimated with disc diffusion and MIC methods. The amount of total phenolic and in vitro DPPH radical scavenging capacity of A. agalocha roots were determined as 7.529 mg GAE/g and 18.83 µmol TE/g, respectively. Eight phenolic components were detected in the extracts of A. agalocha roots. The most dominant among these phenolic compounds detected was tannic acid, which was followed by 4-hydrobenzoic acid and oleuropein, respectively. In the aqueous extracts of A. agalocha roots, four organic acids were identified, including citric, tartaric, malic and succinic acid, and succinic acid was the most dominant organic acid. Only fructose sugar was detected in the water extracts of A. agalocha roots. The extracts of A. agalocha roots had a strong antibacterial effect against all gram-positive pathogens except for S. carnosus, but did not have any effect against gram-negative bacteria.

In this study, the effects of different cooking processes on the phytochemical profile and mineral content of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were determined. Different cooking processes had a significant effect on the moisture, pH, water-soluble solids, L*, a*, b*, C* and °h values. The phenolic profile was generally better preserved in the steamed garlic samples than in the control samples. The mineral content of garlic prepared different cooking processes, with the exception of copper and magnesium, was found to be relatively high. As a result, the phenolic acid and mineral contents of garlic samples prepared with different cooking processes were better preserved and were closest to those of the control samples. In addition, to preserve the valuable compounds in garlic, adding them to dishes after the cooking process is completed is recommended.

Adding of vegetable oils to skincare products or the use of plant oils for oil care is a current trend. Therefore, the safety and functionality of vegetable oils are of great concern to consumers and cosmetics manufacturers. This study focused on three types of vegetable oils: sunflower oil (SO), andiroba oil (AO) and hydrogenated olive oil (HOO). We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the oils, which encompassed their ability to protect mouse skin keratinocytes (XB-2) and mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) from damage caused by the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), their influence on the levels of filaggrin and collagen, their potential to aid in wound healing, and their effectiveness in anti-Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. The results showed that SO, AO and HOO at a concentration of 1.5 × 10^–4 % (v/v) have the ability to defend against SLS-induced cell damage, increase wound healing ability and the filaggrin and collagen content to XB-2 or NIH 3T3 cells. SO, AO and HOO at a concentration of 3.75 × 10^–3 % also have the anti-biofilm ability. Among the oils, AO can inhibit S. aureus biofilm composed of either polysaccharides or proteins. Therefore, the tested vegetable oils and can be applied to the cosmetics field as ingredients to repair damaged skin and preserve skin barrier stability.

Gel coating films comprising nanodiamonds organo-modified with 12-hydroxystearic (12-OHC₁₈ ) and stearic acids were prepared and characterized. Because molecules with 12-OHC₁₈ groups can convert solvents into thixotropic gels, Gemini-type diamide derivatives with two 12-OHC₁₈ chains were also introduced as thixotropic additives into the gel coating films. Although the 12-OHC₁₈ -modified nanodiamonds did not lead to solvent gelation on their own, they displayed an affinity for the thixotropic additive molecules. The 12-OHC₁₈ -modified nanodiamonds were localized near the surface of the nanofibers formed by the Gemini-type diamide derivative in the solvent, and the thixotropic properties of the supramolecular gel were confirmed. Nanoparticle aggregation and nanofiber crystallinity were found to be suppressed by the effect of 12-OHC₁₈ modification in the gel coating films, making them suitable for cosmetic coating applications.