Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1977 Volume 257 Pages Cover1-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1977 Volume 257 Pages Cover2-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_Cover2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1977 Volume 257 Pages App1-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_App1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1977 Volume 257 Pages Toc1-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_Toc1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1977 Volume 257 Pages App2-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_App2

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STUDY ON INORGANIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS

KOICHI KISHITANI, TAKAYUKI HIRAI

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 1-7
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_1

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Gypsum is often used with some aggregates as in the case of Normal Portland Cement, while it is used without aggregates because its length change is quite little under dry condition. To use Gypsum in the form of particle reinforced composite materials, it is necessary to find suitable aggregates and appropreate mixings. Then some experiments were carried out to examine the properties of particle reinforced composite materials using Gypsum as the matrix phase and several convensional aggregates as the dispersed phase. In this paper the experimental results and some considerations are explained and concluded as follows. For the matrix phase in particle reinforced composite materials, II-anhydrite, α-hemihydrate and β-calcium sulfate hemihydrate are possible to be used. Among these three, II-anhydrite is best because of the strength and the easiness to adjust the workability of the mixture. For the dispersed phase a kind of artificial light weight aggregate is found to be suitable to reinforce Gypsum matrix. By the particle reinforcement using this artificial light weight aggregate, the young's modulus, the tensile strength, the toughness and the creep rate are improved. Especialy the decrease rate of the compressive strength and the young's modulus of cast Gypsum absorbing water are turned into little.

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STUDIES ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF WOODEN WALL PANELS WITH OPENING : Part 2, Effect of Opening on the Shear Strength of Panels with Opening-(I) In case of Panels with Glued Plywood Sheathing

KATSUAKI HAYASHI

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 9-19
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_9

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It seems that the racking resistance of wooden wall panels with various types of openings depends upon their shapes. In a previous report, three formulae to estimate the racking resistance of the panels were proposed and the influence of opening upon the resistance was theoretically investigated. This paper reports the racking test results for the full scale specimens including twelve types of the openings in the glued plywood skin panels. The racking load was applied to the specimens without the tie rod system which was defined by ASTM, and the applicability of the formulae was examined in comparison with the observed values. The results are briefly stated as follows; The racking resistance of the panels with openings decreased according to increase in the ratio of opening to the panel area. The rate of decrease was affected by both the shape and area of the opening. Generally, the resistance of panel with a slender opening was inferior to that with a square one having the same area. It seemed that close agreement between the theoretical values calculated by the formulae and the experimental ones was obtained.

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ON THE DAMAGE OF BUILDING BY LIQUEFACTION OF GROUND : From Survey on the Damage by the Niigata Earthquake, 1964 and Restoration of Building in Niigata City

TOSHIO MOCHIZUKI, MICHIO MIYANO

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 21-30
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_21

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This paper describes the damages of buildings caused by liquefaction of ground on the Niigata Earthquake, 1964. In the first place, we examined the investigated data which we surveyed immediately after the Earthquake and recently. Then we assumed the damage rate of wooden or RC buildings. As a result, it is found that in the large damaged area, 57% RC building got larger damages and the damage rate of wooden buildings was 40.7%. Further, it is assumed that in the liquefied area, the earthquake acceleration was lower, and the damages showed some peculiarity. From these points of view, it is found that in case of assuming the earthquake danger of area, we need not overlap the danger by earthquake vibration and liquefaction of ground.

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APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STOREY FRAMES AS BAR-LIKE STRUCTURES, IN CONSIDERATION OF WARPING DEFORMATION : Part 2. Elastic free vibration

KOICHIRO HEKI, HIROMI KITANO

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 31-38
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_31

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In this paper, free vibrations of symmetrical-three-bay frames are discussed as an application of the fundamental theory (Part 1), which had dealt with approximate analysis of multi-storey frames as bar-like structures in consideration of warping deformation. And also included here is a procedure for the case where the non-uniform structure is represented by a series of unifom sections, considering the application to actual design of structures. As an example, as a result of analysis of frames with shear wall, it has been shown that the warping deformation has a great influence on the natural frequences, the deformation and the stress distribution of structures. The results reported here suggest the necessity taking account of the warping deformation in structural design, especially in case of wall-frame structures. Furthermore, it has also been shown that the restriction of warping at the top or the middle height has an effect on the decrement of the deformation, and that the influence on the stress distribution of upper structure due to the deformation of the foundation is not negligible. The structural model proposed by present writers may be useful not only for static but for dynamic analysis of tall shearwall structures in preliminary design.

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SEISMIC DAMPING OF ACTUAL BUILDINGS

SHIGERU SHIMOSAKA

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 39-48
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_39

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The present investigation is concerned with seismic damping of actual buildings. The most important factors in designing earthquake-proof buildings are natural periods and damping factors of buildings. Some kinds of method to estimate the natural periods of buildings in designing buildings have already been investigated. However, research has started quite recently into a few methods to estimate the seismic damping factor of buildings. The present paper describes one method of estimating the seismic damping factor in designing earthquake-proof buildings. The results of the first half of the present investigation tell us that seismic damping resistance mostly depends on the decreasing effect of energy of waves at the boundary between the ground and the bottoms of the buildings. From the considerations mentioned above, an empirical formula to estimate the damping factor h in designing earthquake-proof buildings is obtained as follows : [numerical formula] where W and T_D denote the total dead load in wt. tons and the natural period in sec of the building estimated in designing the building, while A is the area of the bottom of the building in m^2, and ρ_2 and V_2 are unit-volume weight in wt. ton/m^3 and S-wave velocity of the ground in m/sec. The empirical formula is made by trial and error, so the formula may be improved by investigating the structure of buildings and the ground with increased data.

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DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF H-SHAPED STEEL MEMBERS INFLUENCED BY LOCAL BUCKLING

BEN KATO, HIROSHI AKIYAMA, YOOICHI OBI

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 49-58
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_49

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Structural resistance against earthquakes largely depends on the energy absorption capacity or the inelastic deformation capacity of the structure. One of the main causes which force restriction to the deformation capacity is local buckling of plate elements of the member. In this paper, the effects of the local buckling on the inelastic structural behavior of H-shaped steel members were investigated experimentally. A series of tests was carried out using H-shaped members having large variety of width-to-thickness ratio of the plate element and slenderness. Most important loading condition in the structural members of the rigid frame subjected to seismic forces is bending moment about the strong axis of the member combined with axial compression, and this condition is simulated by a cantilever beam-column subjected to a constant axial force and increasing lateral force applied at it's top. The load-deflection relation of such a cantilever beam-column can be outlined by decomposing it into three components; elastic part up to fully plastic state, strain-hardening part without local buckling and degrading part due to local buckling. Each part of the load-deflection relation was found to be approximated by a linear relation. Thus it became essential to know the stress increase beyond fully plastic state and the slopes of strainhardening part and the degrading part. A large number of experimental data was used to establish simple empirical formulas predicting the stress increase and slopes at representative parts of the idealized load-deflection relationship. Obtained results are applicable to almost all practical H-shaped steel members fully stiffened against lateral torsional buckling.

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FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC RELIABILITY THEORY FOR AN ELASTOPLASTIC STRUCTURE : Part II-A probabilistic treatment for the part of plastic response and a dynamic reliability theory for first passage failure

GI HONG

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 59-66
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_59

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In Part I, a probabilistic model of elastic-plastic random vibration was discussed, and an approximate solution of the first passage time to the yield level during the part of elastic random vibration was obtained. In this paper, based on a probabilistic model described in Part I, a plastic deformation process defined as the sum of individual (positive and negative) plastic deformation was developed. For elastoplastic structures, new approximate analytical results are presented for the probability distribution of ductility, the permanent set and the first exceedance time of specified level of ductility, and they are compared with the results by the Monte-Carlo technique.

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STOCHASTIC EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF THE LUMPED MASS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WITH ELASTO-PLASTIC HYSTERETIC CHARACTERISTICS : Part 3 : A single-Degree-of-Freedom System Subjected to Quasi-Stationary Non-White Noise Excitations.

KOICHIRO ASANO

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 67-73
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_67

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A new analytical technique is developed to be available for the assesment of stationary or non-stationary r.m.s. response of a single-degree-of-freedom structural system with bi-linear hysteretic characteristics subjected to quasistationary non-white noise excitations by extending and making use of the previous analytical procedure described in Part 1 and 2. First elast-plastic stationary r.m.s. response characteristics are studyed and graphycally displayed in the form of reasonance curves when quasi-stationary excitations have time invariant spectral density parameteres and next some quantitative discussions on non-stationary response characteristics, especially maximum r.m.s. displacement responses, are presented by taking into consideration of the evolutionary power spectral density of typical earthquake excitation patterns in relation to the interesting conjecture that elongation of the predominant period noticed in the latter part of the principal shock of actual earthquake excitation wave functions should have considerable influences on non-stationary elasto-plastic maximum responses of the structural system.

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ON THE CONVERSION OF A HYSTERETIC STRUCTURE INTO THE SYSTEM WITH EQUIVALENT RESTORING FORCE (PART 4) : Examples of Earthquake Response of Yielding Structures with Power Functional Hysteretic System

TOSHIO MOCHIZUKI, HIROSHI KITAGAWA

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 75-84
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_75

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In the previous paper, We have reported as to the three methods of seismic analysis or the power functional hysteretic system. In this paper, We showed two examples of numerical calculation of seismic analysis on a second storied wooden house and a seven storied steel structure, and discussed these results. From investigating as to the accuracy of two approximate methods, we obtained adequate results to use them practically.

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NOISE PROPAGATION ARROUND A THIN HALF-PLANE : Prediction of Noise Propagation in the Open Air Taking Account of the Building Shape, ETC. (Part 1)

TAKAO KAWAI, KAZUTOSHI FUJIMOTO, TAKESHI ITOW

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 85-91
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_85

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In predicting and controlling the propagation of noise in the open air, it is very important to take account of the shape of a building that is the noise source, the cross section of railway track and road, as well as barriers and surrounding buildings. Then, the theory of the free-field diffraction of a spherical sound wave by a thin half-plane is basically necessary and the rigorous solution was given by H. M. Macdonald long ago. However, the rigorous solution is hardly used in calculating noise reduction in the design of barriers etc., and instead, Maekawa's experimental curve is widely used. But the range of application of the experimental curve is limited, because which is obtained by experiments to satisfy the Kirchhoff's approximate conditions. In the previous paper the detailed behaviors of Macdonald's rigorous solution were clarified by numerical calculation, and it was shown that all experimental results were in a very good agreement with the rigorous solution no matter where a source and an observating point were located, and that the approximate formula of the rigorous solution given accurately by Bowman & Senior had little approximation error. In this paper a new simple approximate formula of the rigorous solution is presented and a practical method based on the new approximate formula is proposed for the prediction of the propagation of noise, by which the detailed peak-dip due to interference between several waves are not drawn in the sound pressure level distributions but only monotonous gradual variations are drawn.

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STUDY ON THE SPACE OF HOUSING LIFE FOR THE HANDICAPPED (No.9) : On the Necessary Conditions of Sleeping Room and Working Room

MASAKI KATAOKA, YOSHITOMO MURAKAMI

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 93-101
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_93

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This report is the second of the series works to find what house plan fits the households with the handicapped. Main aims are researching the necessary conditions of the sleeping room, and besides the problems that happen by the handicapped's working in their houses. Main results of this research are as follows : 1. Almost owned houses have enough rooms to be able to sleep without confusions, but the rented houses have not. 2. The degree that the sleeping rooms are used as dining, living and other rooms, is different by the house types. 3. In the 〓L〓 type they are able to secure sleeping rooms in suitable conditions. 4. In the 〓D〓 type the cases of eating and sleeping in the same room account for about 50% of the owned houses. Those cases are inclined to be caused when the DK is not used, or when the household is invited into the rooms that the handicapped use as eating, sleeping and others, usually confined to bed. In case of the rented houses the cases using a room to eat and sleep are seen in all of the 〓D〓 type. 5. In the 〓K〓 type are seen considerably the cases that one room are used for eating, sitting a happy circle and sleeping. Those cases are easy to occur in small houses, besides a husband or a wife is handicapped and the transfer ability is lower. 6. Though about half of the handicapped prefer to use the bed for sleeping, the bed user is restricted in a few persons. Particularly the wheelchair users prefer the bed very much. 7. The cases that the handicapped are working in their houses are seen frequently, especialy remarkable in the rented houses. 8. The kinds of the handicapped's work are varied in the owned houses, but are not and limited to foreignstyle dressmaking in the rented houses. Because in the former are included houses with a shop or a working room, but in the latter are few. So almost in the latter house living behaviors are mixed and confused as a result of using one room to work.

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THE ESTATE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND THE FORMATION OF THE PUBLIC PARKS IN LONDON

KAYO OKABE

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 103-109
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_103

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This paper deals with the historical background of public park formations in London appeared in the 19th century from a town planning viewpoint. In the first section, we discuss about the park-suburb style (i.e. the residential development together with the open space), which could be seen as one of the characteristic features of the public park plannings proposed around 1840. In particular, Victoria Part, Battersea Park, Albert Park and Kennington Park are studied. In the second section, the Bedford Estate Planning and the Regent's Park Planning are examined. The former represents the traditional estate development style and the latter, though the Crown Estate development, represents the park-suburb style. The items examined in this section are the persentages of open space in the development area, gates and fences, roads, markets, churches and the classes of the residential areas. In the last section, based upon the results in the section 2, we consider the influences of the traditional English estate development principles upon the formation of the public parks in Victorian London.

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A STUDY ON THE ORIGINAL FORM OF IWASHIMIZU SHRINE

SEIROKU OTA

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 111-117
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_111

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The southern front style of Hachiman shrine was completed at the 1st time structure of Iwashimizu shrine and the connected roof style of three shrines was started at the second time structure of Iwashimizu shrine. Next I discovered that the floor level of the frontrank temple are very lower than the behined temple in Heian and Kamakura Period.

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ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF JIJU-DEN IN THE HEIAN-DAIRI : Part 1 Jiju-den in the middle and late Heian period

WATARU SUZUKI

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 119-129
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_119

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Heian-Dairi first constructed in 794 is reported to have been destroyed by fire sixteen times in all during about 430 years from 794 to 1227. Each time it was destroyed Heian-Dairi was rebuilt, but not after the fire of 1227. Jiju-den was primarily built as the Emperor's private residence in Heian-Dairi. Jiju-den facing the south was located to the immediate north of Shishin-den. In the early Heian period Jiju-den was often used as the Imperial chamber, although after the reign of Emperor Uda Seiryo-den took the place of Jiju-den as a building for the Emperor's private life. Jiju-den which was rebuilt in the middle and late Heian period was mainly used for Nai-en (a private banquet at court), Sumo matches before the Emperor, or Buddhist mass. This paper is intended to show the original form of Jiju-den which was used for the Emperor's private life, through investigation and also through comparison of the architecture of Jiju-den at each reconstruction. The architecture of Jiju-den rebuilt in the middle and late Heian period is examined in Part 1 in this paper. 1) Jiju-den rebuilt in 1100 and in 1157 is supposed to be 9 ken long east and west and 6 ken long north and south in size, and to be also much the same in form. As for the type of structure the main building, or Shu-oku, was 9 ken in keta-yuki and 4 ken in hari-yuki, and to both the north and south sides of it was added Mago-bisashi. The roof was a hipped and gabled one covered with the brown bark of Japanese cypress, and, in particular, at each corner of the building there seems to have been lowered roof as Sumi-bisashi. The plan of Jiju-den rebuilt in 1100 and 1157 was roughly almost the same with what was described in the Daidairi-Zu-Kosho, but in point of construction of its interior space the former is very different from the latter. In the Daidairi-Zu-Kosho Me-do (a corridor) is shown to run through the center of Jiju-den, but on inquiry no evidence was found to support it. According to the records in the late Heian period, Jiju-den in those days contained a large room, 3 ken in keta-yuki and 4 ken in hari-yuki, in the center of the main building. The main building is supposed to be broadly divided into three parts. The central large room had three paneled doors on the south side, a paneled door and Renji windows on both the east and west side, a paneled door and walls on the north side. The next part on the east side, 2 ken in keta-yuki and 4 ken in hari-yuki, seems to have been shaped into one room marked off by paneled doors. The west part, abso 2 ken in keta-yuki and 4 ken in hari-yuki, was divided into three small rooms. The central 2 ken square room of them was partitioned off by latticed doors on the south side and by walls on the north side. The next room on the south side of the central square room, 2 ken in keta-yuki and 1 ken hari-yuki, is presumed to have been Nenju-no-ma in which Kannon-ku (Buddhist mass) was observed. 2) Jiju-den rebuilt in 961 is supposed to have had in essence the same form and construction in plan with the one rebuilt in 1100 and 1157. Too little data on Jiju-den rebuilt in the middle Heian period, after 961, has so far been available to show what it was like in form. Taking the similarity, however, between the forms of Jiju-den rebuilt in 961, 1100, and 1157 into consideration, it may be said that Jiju-den in the middle Heian period was reconstructed after the model of the early Heian period.

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THE STUDY OF KOMPIRA OH-SHIBAI THEATRE : Background of Conception and Construction of the KOMPIRA OH-SHIBAI Theatre

TAKAYOSHI SATO

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 131-139
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_131

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This thesis is a research report on the KOMPIRA OH-SHIBAI theatre which has been preserving the tradition of KAMIGATA THEATRE of the Edo period. KAMIGATA means the Kyoto-Osaka area. This theatre still remains at Kotohira-cho in Kagawa Prefecture which is the gate town of KOTOHIRA-GU Shrine. This thetre is the oldest authentic KABUKI theatre which is still existing and one of the few preserved constructions which were constructed in the Edo period. The town has been prosper with many worshippers for cermonies, memorial days market and lottery in the Shrine. People manted a theatre in the town and the theatre became the most popular building in the town and respected as the center of populace culture. This building wos constructed in the six year of Tempo (A. D. 1835) and is still maintained after a number of repairs until now. The author believes that this building is one of the most precious relics in the history of theatre construction and drama performance in Japan and the architectural study of the building is very important in the research of the origin and genealogy of KABUKI Theatre construction.

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CONSERVATION THEORIES AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY : Part 4. Conservation Theory of S.P.A.B.

HIROYUKI SUZUKI

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 141-147
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_141

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S.P.A.B. (the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings) was founded in 1877 under the direction of William Morris. Although there were several societies of archaelogists which were interested in protection of ancient monuments (e. g. Society of Antiquaries of London; founded in 1751), S.P.A.B. was the first society founded exclusively for the purpose of protecting ancient buildings. William Morris, the advocate of the Society, was personally an enthusiast for Gothic architecture. But as a chief member of the Society, he appreciated every style of old buildings (e. g. City Churches by Christopher Wren then threatened with demolition). In fact, the Society separated the action for protecting old buildings from the evaluation of architectural style of them. As the first step of this theory, they used an analogy with text critic of a literaly work. Then they began to evaluate old buildings as a historical evidence of a culture. Here we found the modern origin of conservation theory. At the same time, wide spread members of the Society from mediaevalists to modern anti-revivalists show paradoxically how strong and wide spread was the restoration theory of the Mid-Victorian Gothic. The formation of the conservation theory of S.P.A.B. was one of the most important sympton of the end of the Victorian Gothic.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 149-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_149_1

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[in Japanese]

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese], [in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 149-150
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_149_2

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 151-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_151

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1977 Volume 257 Pages 152-
Published: July 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.257.0_152

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