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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 336 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1984
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 336 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 336 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 336 Pages
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NORIO INOUE
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
1-10
Published: February 28, 1984
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First, experimental studies of concrete prisms with hoops subjected to axial force only are presented to clarify the three dimensionl behavior of colums, such as the confining effect by the hoops. This behavior is caused by the dilatancy of concrete in plastic region. Next, their simulation analysis is presented. It was executed by three dimentional non-linear Finite Element Method, wherein a reinforced concrete column was considered as being composed of core concrete, cover concrete, reinforcing steel and the bond between concrete and steel. In core concrete, the improvement of strength and ductility were represented by assuming three dimensional plasticity theory. The prisms were analysed in order to establish the non-linear parameter of concrete in the yield function, which was assumed in the constitutive equation. Here the vertical strain of concrete and strain of hoops were compared with the observed values. As the result, good agreement was obtained when an adequate non-linear parameter was adopted. This analysis is the simplest application model for a reinforced concrete column, which can be said to represent the compressive side of a column subjected to earthquake loads.
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MITSUO NAKAHARA, YUKIO TAMURA, YUTAKA ASAMI, YOSHINORI NIIHORI, YUZO Y ...
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
11-20
Published: February 28, 1984
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At almost of all the meteorological stations in Japan, the 10 minutes averaged windspeed which has a probability of 1/50 of being exceeded in any one year was evaluated using the method due to Gumbel. This value was converted into one measured at 10 m above open, flat, level land for the purpose of eliminating the surface roughness influence. The map of Japan with isotachs of' basic windspeed' was drawn. The map has ironed out variations of windspeeds due to the small scale topographic influences. Finally, the map of Japan showing 'basic design windspeed' was proposed.
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MASAKAZU OZAKI, SEIICHIRO YASUDA, MASARU ISHII
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
21-33
Published: February 28, 1984
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SHINTARO OHBA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
34-41
Published: February 28, 1984
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In this study, we have placed special emphasis on the velocity of propagation of shear waves through the building segment to evaluate individually the characteristics of the buildings. The study consists of the following 3 steps : first, to investigate the way of impact delivery and the properties of propagated waves with regard to a structurally simple building; secondly, to measure the shear wave velocity in several buildings of different structure and examine the resulting data; finally, to assess, in theoretical analysis, the applicability of this method by comparing the theoretical with the measured values. In the experiment constituting the first and second steps of the study, a horizontal impact force, exerted by about 15 persons, was imposed on the top of the building. Propagation of this wave motion was observed on each floor by vibration sensors. Shear wave velocities (sVs) measured for representative buildings of 3 different structural types are as follows : Steel frame : sVs=200〜300m/sec. Concrete encased column as part of steel frame : sVs=370m/sec. Concrete encased steel frame : sVs=450〜700m/sec. Buildings of the same structural type differ as to the above values principally depending on whether or not they are constructed with earthquake resisting walls or braces. In the case of a structurally simple building, theoretical examination ensured that the above measured values agree well with the theoretical values.
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AKIRA MATSUMURA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
42-52
Published: February 28, 1984
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This report is one of the synthetic studies on strength and behavior of structural members made of reinforced Autoclaved Lightweight Cellular Concrete (abbreviated as ALC), such as precast slabs, lintels and shearwalls. In this report, fundamental flexural strength and behavior of members at bending moments are clarified by experimental analysis. Higher ratio between the Young's modulus of reinforcement and that of concrete than the ratio in ordinary reinforced concrete members influenced extensively flexural behavior under bending forces, and autoclave curing has had good effects on cracking strength. On the other hand, behavior rules of members in flexure seemed to be nearly identical to those of ordinary reinforced concrete members. Some formulas which give idealised stress-strain relationship of concrete and estimates on the strength of members, including cracking and ultimate strength, and the like, are offered by the author. They will be useful for analytical works to structural researchers and engineers.
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MASAFUMI INOUE, MASAHIDE TOMII
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
53-65
Published: February 28, 1984
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SYUNJI OKAMOTO, YASUO NISHI, TAKEO KOZIMA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
66-76
Published: February 28, 1984
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In former issue of this paper, the authors stated about the functions derived for replacement of defining equations given to the form element to get the equations of projection. Here, as part 2・1 they show their way to reach the equations of projections of curved surfaces from their defining equations and they represent some examples. The examples represented here are for circular cones and cylinders in their standard positions on the projecting plane, all of them being derived from the oblique circular cone by specialization. Elliptic surface and some surfaces of revolution derived by specialization will be discussed in following part 2.2 of this paper.
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KAZUYA INABA, TETSUO OHSAWA, AKIHIKO MIYANO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
77-83
Published: February 28, 1984
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Humidity distribution near the sufaces of building materials was measured for basic research of water vapor transfer. The experiment was made about what influence vapor flow direction, wind velocity, and vapor transmission have on humidity distribution near materals surface. The expermental results indicated that, under windless conditions, the distribution curve of vapor pressure ratio (f-f_0)/(f_s-f_0) of down vapor flow had the gentlest slope, upper vapor flow the second gentlest, and level vapor flow the third gentlest. The thickness of vapor diffusion layer was in inverse proportion to vapor transmission quantity per unit vapor pressure and wind velocity. The vapor diffusion layer was reduced rapidly by the wind of lower speed than 0.5 m/s, while vapor diffusion layer of〜2mm thickness was left under the wind of higher speed than 1 m/s. The experimental results indicated that vapor transmission quantity was liner proportional to water vapor pressure gradient (γ), regardless of vapor flow direction and wind velocity. Experiments concerning water surface have been made to determine the relationships between water surface temperature and vapor pressure distibution of the layer near water surface. The experimental results indicated that fairly accurate estimates of materials surface vapor pressure were obtained through the extension of vapor pressure distribution curve near the surface of materials.
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SATORU KUNO, AKIRA OKAGAKI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
84-91
Published: February 28, 1984
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The stability of inhabitants' answers to various items to their surroundings was measured by analyses of several sorts of panel data using Suzuki's correspondence ratio, C(γ). The mainly analyzed data consists of the following three panel data. Subjects were all housewives. 1) the panel data with a half year interval at a region in Tokyo; Subjects were asked about degrees of dissatisfaction and importance of 50 items to their surroundings. 2) the panel data with two year interval at two regions in Tokyo; The questionaite was the same as 1)'s. 3) the panel data with one year interval at six regions in Tokyo and a neighboring city; Subjects were asked about 4 synthetic estimation items to their surroundings. The main results from the analysis of 50 items are the following. 1. The stability measured by the data with a half year interval is higher than two year interval. 2. The stability of dissatisfaction of items for amenity to indoor space is higher than the others. 3. The stability of importance of items for security is higher than the others. As the number of the data of 4 synthetic estimation items was enough, the relation between attributes could be analyzed. The following tendencies were obtained. 1. In the old generation each stability of 4 items is much the same. 2. The people who possess houses have higher stability than the other.
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TERUKAZU TAKESHITA, MASAO AOKI, NAOYASU HIRONAGA, TOHRU EGAMI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
92-99
Published: February 28, 1984
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We can think that there are two types of main themes in policy of public housings. One is the theme of trying to ensure utilizing them on the premise that people dwell for ever. The other is the theme of trying to make the most of them by preferentially giving temporary dwellings to households with housing problems. In our county, the latter was naturally taken under the housing shortage after World War II because the doctrine of the housing policy was mass supply. At present the upgrade of housing standard in quality is a greater subject, and it is more important to know the utilization form, that is, how public housings are utilized by households. In this paper, we classify the forms of utilizing public housings into the six types by the number of dwelling years and house moving consciousness, and we clearly explain characteristics of social strata shown by each form.
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SHINGO TAMAKI, TATSUO KONDO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
100-111
Published: February 28, 1984
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The discover in our first thesis was that the size of lot frontage had been converging to 5.4 meters (3 "Ken" as to housing frontage) in historically built-up areas. The conclusions in our last thesis was that there were four typical housing plan types in historically built-up area and that the size of frontage was decided by the combination of passage space and living space in housing plan, and that it was 3 Ken (5.4 meters) size that had been meeting for the minimum demand for passage and living space. This paper deals with the position of eguipment space on each typical housing plan type. The conclusions are as follows, that is, each equipment such as toiletroom, kitchen and bathroom has its inherent position on housing plan. And their positions are prescribed by frontage size by typical housing plan type. So, by frontaqe size, forms of typical housing plan types are described, its containing the passage space, living space and equipment space.
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OKINORI TANIGUCHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
112-120
Published: February 28, 1984
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This is the foundamental study of how to measure of "design-thinking" in each field of architecture without referring to the other accidental field. I assumed that "design-thinking" is to give some property to objects or put certain objects in certain relations. To explicate the thought we must make clear "property", "relation" and "object" without referring to the above other fields. This why the view of predicate logic is introduced. Following the devision of design situation into form and context like S. Chermayeff and C. Alexander, I adopt the devision of form and requirements. Requirements are satisfied by the form which is the result of design-thiaking or, conversely, the form must satisfy requirements at issue. If we let mediate the designer, we can say that the designer is given complex of requirements and must consider complex of requirements or think many requirements at the same time. By the predicate logical analysis of requirements, namely, the conversion of a requirement to logical formula we get uinits by which we must get the measure of design-thinking. 33 basic requirements in "Community and Privacy" (S. Chermayeff & C. Alizander) as the complex of requirements are analyised in Table-I. There is an application of the synthetic aspects of designing using these logical formulae in "On a Measurement of Desinging and Predicate Logic" in "The memoires of the faculty of engineering Fukuyama University" 4th issue, 1983.
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HIROKUNI TANIGUCHI, MASAHIKO KUMAGAI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
121-131
Published: February 28, 1984
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On the basis of its research, the study is to recommend the kind of public social mixed-use facilities of education required to accommodate social needs in the present and future and develop a building system which would satisfy these requirements. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the allocation of public social mixed-use facilities of education in urban areas and classify the mixed-use from the point of an operationl collaboration. The main results derived from the analysis on these investigations are as follows : (1) Mixed-use buildings are evaluated with respect to these criteria. The constraints on land and buildings (the material resources available to satisfy the demand f social space of education) and the current pattern of social facilities of education as allocation of material resources to meet the demand for space in communities. (2) Mixed-use buildings would be tactically useful in urban areas of high population density and areas of long-term municipal city. Especially in terms of a child welfare institution, a majority of public social facilities of eduation are "Mixed-use" in urban areas of 120 persons/Ha (3) There are mainly two or three different uses in "Mixed-use" whose most competent authority are the same. (4) There are various degrees to which the building space of two different uses can be intergrated. More than 90% of these are the case separate buildings are located on the same site or two different activities are Iocated in a single building on a single site. Most the former cases have only mix of physical space between uses. Some the latter cases have mix of physical space and functional relationship or an operational collaboration between uses. (5) The major reciprocal relations in quality are interdependence of activities and operational collaboration. Reciprocal relations between uses from the view point of an operational collaboration are classified into three types. "Only mix of physical space", "Mix of physical space and maintenance collaboration" and "Mix of physical space, maintenace and management collaboration". It is pertinent to consider some of the functional, architectual, operational features of a mised-use building itself.
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KOUHEI MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
132-137
Published: February 28, 1984
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The French new warranty system of building which was reformed by the law on the 4th January 1978 and executed on the 1st January 1979 is composed of three very characteristic subsystem; liability system, inspection system and insurance one, which are expected to give a solution to the problems of the old system reported previously. The objective of the study reported herein is to examine the characteristics of the liability system and inspection one in the new system. On the insurance system, the author will report in the part 3. The principal characteristics of the new system are summarised as follows; 1) On the liability system, a) the ten years liability is applied restrictedly to damages which injure the apptitude of use or the solidity of building, b) the two years guarantee is applied to the other defects of building in consideration of the harmonization with the industrialization of building, c) the producer, vendor and importer of industrialized building elements bear the joint liability with the contructor, d) the liability of constructor to make good all disorders which appear in one year after the reception of building is legislated, though it depended on a contruct in the old system, and e) the reception of building is defined in detail by the law. 2) On the inspection system, a) the inspection is requested by the orderer of building though by the architect or the contructor in the old system, b) the inspection intervenes in all process of building, from design to execution, by the request in order to prevent mainly the probable defects and damages affecting the solidity or the safty of building, c) the inspection hs indispensable in the construction of certain buildings, d) the inspector must be approved by the government, e) the inspector is prohibited to hold also the business of design, execution or estimation, and f) the liability of inspector is legislated.
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HIROYUKI NIWA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
138-144
Published: February 28, 1984
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This paper is deals with the system and sighificance of Fuji-monryu temple in the Nichiren sect through the old records of the middle ages. In this study, 1. The disposition of compounds were investigated for any representative temple. And its were appeared that three build-ing style were in existence at the temple of Fujimonryu. 2. The style of reception hall and its directions for use were elucidated for the main temples, priests lodges and branch temples. 3. The significance of temple compounds, architecture and each building were investigated. were obtained.
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RYUJI KURODA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
145-149
Published: February 28, 1984
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This paper tries to clarify the constitution of religious space in main shrine of Kitano-Tenmangu, paying attention to the thought connecting Shintoism and Buddhism (Shinbutsu-shugo). The concluding summary is as follows : (1) The tradition in "Kitano-Engi" ("The origin of Kitano-Tenmangu") says that : the form of the shrine was the "three-eave" type at the foundation of Tenmangu in the middle of the 10th century. This form was probably influenced by the Hie-style shrine which still exists in Hie-Taisha. (2) From document of the 14th century, we know that, at that time, it was then, as now, a four-eave style, and that a little pagoda in which Buddha's ashes were kept was under the back eave. (3) People used to go to the back of the shrine to pray to Buddha's ashes. The religious spatial composition is a considerable expression of the close relationship between Buddhism and Shintoism. Compared with Hie-style shrines, this architecture reflects a progression towards simplicity.
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KAKUGYO S. CHIKU
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
150-157
Published: February 28, 1984
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In 750 B. C., the Greeks added the pteron to the first of the temples of Hera at Samos (the naos hekatrmpedon, c. 800 B. C.). The addition of the pteron brought differentiation of two aspects of spatial composition on the temple, i. e. the temple obtained the external appearance and therefore the naos became true interior space. This spatial differentiation closely correspond to the mythological spatial thinking on agriculture in Greek myth. That is, the naos is the metaphor of the underground which is the chthon, and the pteron is that of the terrestial world.
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HAJIME SUZUKI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 336 Pages
158-168
Published: February 28, 1984
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I studied these three flowing phenomena in the developmental processes of Modern Architecture, these are 1. from German Expressionism to Neue Sachlichkeit, 2. from Sachlichkeit to Neue Sachlichkeit, 3. changed design philosophy in the Bauhaus. Expressionist architecture has an individual-cultural tendency, because it's architecture depends deeply on the architect's intuitive Ausdruck. This architecture flourished in the revolutional chaos. But since 1923, the current has changed to the Neue Sachlichkeit. The ideology is a materialistic ideal to realize needs of the age technically, and has a universal-civilizational tendency. In England which was more advanced nation than Germany, Schinkel and Muthesius paid great attention to the buildings and the daily goods without old styles and decorations. They called this faithful beauty Sachlichkeit. In German, the Sachlichkeit became a slogan to modernize art and architecture of the age. These Sachlichkeit including Expressionist's Sachlichkeit, had an individual-cultural tendency, because Muthesius' still remained vernacular in character and Expressionist's was intuitive. Since 1923, this Sachlichkeit also changed to Neue Sachlichkeit. The Bauhaus started with revolutionary expressionism or guild-socialism, so it will be said that, it has an individual-cultural tendency in the early period. But since 1923, Weimar republic overcame the chaos and the pessimism of civilization, and had constructive period, the Bauhaus changed it's design philosophy, known as Gropius' "Art and Technoloy-A New Unity", Moholy=Nagy's "Constructivism", and H. Meyer's "Function×Economy". These had a universal-civilizational tendency. Thus, these flowing phenomena changed their basic outlook "from the individualism of oultures to the universalism of civilization". This phenomenon will be a flowering of modern architecture.
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 336 Pages
App1-
Published: February 28, 1984
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