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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 338 Pages
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Published: April 30, 1984
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 338 Pages
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Published: April 30, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 338 Pages
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Published: April 30, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 338 Pages
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Published: April 30, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 338 Pages
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Published: April 30, 1984
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ISAMU MATSUI, YOSHIO KASAI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
1-9
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper deals with the evaluation of thickness sensed by tapping the walls, doors or furniture with knuckles. Sensory test was conducted with 36 model walls and 50 subjects. The subjects appraised the thickness sensed by tapping on the model walls with knuckles by means of the category method. The tapping sound when the rubber ball of 14 grams in weight collided against the model walls was measured with a Impulse Precision Level Meter and 1/3 Octave Band Analyzer. Results of tests, the model walls made of thick surface material have small sound level and high frequency, and the walls made of thin surface material have large sound lavel and low frequency. The thickness sensed by tapping sound can be estimated by the sound level and frequency of the sound.
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MINORU MAKINO, MORIMASA WATAKABE
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
10-18
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the statistical properties of the extreme value distribution of the annual maximum wind speed obtained by a probabilistic model. The probabilistic model modified from the previous one by considering a gaussian distribution of translating speed of typhoons and a gradient wind field yields the extreme value distribution of the annual maximum wind speed very well. The analysis based on this model leads to the following; (1) For the distribution of extreme winds caused by tropical cyclones such as typhoons, the Type III extreme value distribution with three parameters is preferable to the other Types. (2) The upper limit ω and the scale parameter k in the Type III distribution may be fixed as a constant in and near the Japanese Islands (ω=90m/s, k=6). (3) The location parameter u in the Type III distribution may be approximately obtained in eq. (14) as a function of the mean occurrence rate, λ, of typhoons. (4) Resulting that the Type III distribution is the most suitable for the estimation of wind speeds in typhoonprone regions, the control band based on the distribution involved almost all observed distributions acceptably at 8 sites for the period of 30 years.
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KIYOSHI MUTO, SHOHEI MOTOHASHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
19-28
Published: April 30, 1984
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TAIJIRO NONAKA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
29-35
Published: April 30, 1984
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Axially loaded members play an important role in such structures as trusses or braced frames. Clarification of the performance of these structures requires the knowledge of the load-deformation characteristics of the members. Plastic action in axially loaded members ordinarily takes precedence over flexurally loaded members because of the predominance in stiffness of the former over the latter. An axially resistant member in such structures is often subjected to variable repeated loading; loads due to winds, earthquakes, cranes, transportation vehicles and some machine parts are applied repeatedly in nature, and they may act in different or opposite directions. The member may buckle under compression, deform plastically, but may partially recover in a subsequent tension. It may undergo plastic elongation and as a result become loosened, reducing the overall stiffness of the structure. This series of investigations is concerned with the analytic behaviour of a prismatic elastic-plastic bar of an effective length subjected primarily to repeated axial loading, tension and/or compression. In the present paper, Part 2, solution is first exemplified, by making use of the basic equations derived in Part 1, for typical hysteretic behaviour in the range of small deformation. An example of finite plastic elongation is then presented to examine the effect of changes in bar dimensions, indicating a subsequent significant reduction in buckling strength. Further examples of analytic behaviour will be given in Part 3 for the investigation of characteristic features in the hysteretic behaviour of isolated members as well as braced frames.
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MASAHIRO KAWANO, TAKUJI KOBORI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
36-46
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper investigates the average response spectra and the evolutionary power spectra of random earthquake ground motion model with reference to the evaluation of reliability and safety of structural systems for future earthquake. In order to consider the influence of the irregular geological properties from the source-to-site and the unspecified faulting process in source region, the propagation path is assumed to be a random medium and the faulting process is expressed by the random dynamic response to the subevents which propagate on a fault line with variable rupture velocity, in this model. The average displacement, velocity and acceleration response spectra and the evolutionary power spectra of vertical, radial and cross-radial components of the earthquake model are calculated for Mach numbers M_n=0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 and nondimensional rise time t_r=0.03 and the ratio of epicentral distance to focal depth R/H=1 and 5. The observation points of vertical and radial components are assumed to be in the direction of acceleration and deceleration of the fault rupture. The average response spectra of the earthquake model show good correspondence to the general trend derived from real earthquake ground motions. The responses of vertical and radial components become generally large when Mach number increases and the fault propagates toward the observation point. They show especially large value for the specific period related to the time interval between nucleation and stopping of faulting process. However, the responses of cross-radial component in the perpendicular direction of the fault line is insensitive to the fault movement and variation of Mach number. The difference is produced by the energy concentration and decentralization associated with fault movement and types of wave motion propagated. When the fault propagates toward the observation point, the acceleration response become generally large due to high frequency components generated by up-Doppler effect with fault movement. When the fault propagates in the opposite direction to the observation point, the displacement and velocity responses become large due to the low frequency components generated by down-Doppler effect with fault movement. Then, the relative position between rupture direction of fault and the observation point is important physical quantity for aseismic design of structural systems which would describe the maximum values, frequency characteristics and duration times of the earthquake ground motion. Since the responses of vertical component are almost half of those of radial component, considerable care should be paid for actual vertical response in aseismic design of structural systems if R/H is nearly and/or below one. Although the earthquake ground motions allow generally the influence of the rupture velocity, there are not so much differences among the characteristics of the response spectra as seismic wave motion propagates into the far-field. This depends on the fact that the energy transmission from the source to the site become gradually stationary with the increase of R/H. The evolutionary power spectra of random earthquake ground motion models show strong and weak nonstationarity in accordance with the up-and down-Doppler effect by fault movement and the increase and decrease of Mach number. However, the characteristics of them tends to be stationary as R/H becomes large. Therefore, the evolutionary power spectra are useful means to know time variation on the frequency characteristics and the energy envelope function during the formation of characteristics of earthquakes. Then, we are able to investigate the faulting process and the characteristics of wave traveling path if the estimation of evolutionary power spectra for multi-observation point system is possible for the activity of one earthquake.
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MASAHIRO KAWANO, TAKUJI KOBORI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
47-57
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper investigates the formation of nonstationary spectral density function and energy envelope function of actual earthquake by making use of random earthquake ground motion model with consideration of unspecified source movement and characteristics of transmission path from source-to-site. The earthquake ground motion model is represented by convolution of three dimensional average Green's function of a random medium and dislocation time function which is simply idealized by the dynamic response to the random subevents propagating along a fault line. The nonstationary spectral density functions of vertical, radial and cross-radial components of the earthquake model are evaluated along the rupture time of dislocation for Mach numbers M_n=0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9, nondimensional rise time t_r=0.03 and the ratio of epicentral distance to focal depth R/H=1 and 5. The peak frequencies of the spectral density functions are related to the specific time intervals between nucleation and stopping of rupture process, and the physical process occuring in source region should be considered as random time function which is governed with the frictional stress level of fault plane and the fracture stress level of soil, in relation to the problem of generation of high frequency components in earthquake ground motion. The nonstationary spectral density functions of three components are different each other for the activity of one earthquake. Thus, there is a strong dependence of spectral density function of the earthquake model on the rupture direction of dislocation and the relative position between the focus of an earthquake and the observation point. The peak frequencies of the spectral density function move to higher frequency range when the rupture propagates toward the observation point. On the contrary, they move to the lower frequency range when the rupture propagates in the opposite direction to the observation point. The spectral density functions show generally a little variation along rupture time under uniform distribution of subevents occuring on a fault line. However, if the nonstationary distribution for the occurence of them is assumed, it will vary significantly along rupture time. From the fact that spectral density for R/H=5 are less sensitive to M_n than those for R/H=1, the stochastic characteristics of them become gradually stationary as seismic wave motion propagates into the far-field, and R/H is important physical quantity which is related to determine the nonstationarity of characteristics of earthquake ground motion. The energy envelope function of the earthquake model show significant variations with time in spite of the assumption of the uniform distribution for the occurence of the subevents. Therefore, the nonstationarity concerning with the energy envelope function is basically produced by the spatial formation of the propagating seismic wave motions which is described by the relative position between the earthquake focus and the observation point. The effectiveness of the random earthquake ground motion model is presented by the fact that the energy envelope function of the earthquake model is similar to the ones which are idealized from the actual earthquake ground motions.
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TOSHIKATSU ICHINOSE
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
58-70
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Splitting bond failure along the longitudinal deformed rebars has been often observed in the experiments of reinforced concrete columns with shear span ratio of around 1.5 to 2.5 subjected to antisymmetric cyclic bending shear. This failure reduces the seismic ductility and energy dissipating capacity of the column. Proposed design criteria is shown in Fig. 1 and Eq. (1). Effective development length Z is calculated by Eq. (3). The plastic region length α is calculated by Eq. (5), where R is the deflection angle amplitude. Normalized bond strength is defined by Eq. (4). Bond ductility, which is defined as a bearing capacity of bond stress at large slip, is neglected within the proposed criteria. Columns with different axial forces and with various web reinforcing ratios, bond strengths and bond ductilities, were analyzed by the method proposed by the author (21, 22). Following conclusions were obtained. (1) There exists a definite correlation between the normalized bond strength and the energy dissipating capacity of the column, almost regardless of the amount of the axial force or the bond ductility. (2) The resisting force of the column after the reversed cyclic loading, is affected by the normalized bond strength as well as the bond ductility or the amount of the axial force. However, if the normalized bond strength is unity, the resisting force after the cyclic loading becomes equivalent to the virgin strength, regardless of the bond ductility. (3) The slip at the midspan of the column can not necessarily be less, as the bond capacity (strength or ductility) be made larger. In the column where the yielding of the main bar occurs only in the positive loading and not in the negative loading, the slip at the midspan is larger than that in the column where the bond capacity is smaller and the yielding of the main bar does not occur both in the positive and negative loading. (4) The slip at the midspan the column is affected by the normalized bond strength as well as the bond ductility. However, if the normalized bond strength is unity, the midspan slip can be small enough to make the ratio of the deflection component due to the midspan slip to the deflection amplitude less than one-tenth, regardless of the bond ductility.
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HIROSHI AKIYAMA, MINORU KUROSAWA, NOBUYUKI WAKUNI, ISAO NISHIMURA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
71-76
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The shear strength of exposed type steel column bases consists of the frictional resistance formed between a base plate and a surface of base concrete and the shear resistance of anchor bolts and shear plates. Based on a series of experiments, the shear strength of anchor bolts and shear plates embedded in base concrete was obtained and expressed by simple empirecal formulas in terms of geometrical parameters and strength of steel and concrete.
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ATSUHIDE HASHIMOTO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
77-87
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Recently, hot dip galvanized high strength bolts are used in structures, because of a protective surface coating to prevent corrosion and reduce maintenance costs. In such cases, commonly, oversize tapped nuts of which tapping may be tapped either after or before galvanizing are assembled. On the other hand, at the present time, International Organization for Standardization has submitted some drafts of international standard for bolts, nuts and washers. In the drafts hot dip galvanized surface finishing in accordance with ISO 1461, dimensions and so forth are discribed. In the international standard ISO 1461, which relates to hot dip galvanized coating on fabricated ferrous products, threads only be required to fit after galvanizing if a suitable allowance has been made for the coating in making the thread. Therefor only oversize tapping or retapping after hot dip galvanizing is required so far as the male thread is hot dip galvanized. The behavior of galvanized high strength bolts assembled with oversize tapped nuts may differ from the behavior of normal high strength bolts. This difference in behavior may be primarily caused by the zinc layer on the threads, oversize tapping of nuts and galvanizing process. This is apparent that before a connection can be analyzed, the behavior of single bolt subjected to the typical loading conditions of tention, shear and shear and combined tension must be known. In this paper, the behavior of galvanized bolts assembled with various oversize tapped nuts is discussed through the load-elongation relationships and the mode of failure in direct tension test putting a stress on the effects of oversized tapping of nuts as well as galvanizing process. In conclusion, I suggested the suitable oversize of nut thread for each bolt diameter and galvanizing process when tapping the female thread before hot dip galvanizing. Test specimens are F 8 T high strength bolts specified in JIS B 1186-1979. Nuts are tapped 3 kinds of oversize thread before galvanizing. In practice, the bolt preload force is usually introduced by tightening the nut applying torque to nut. This results in different stress conditions in the bolt. Thus the behaivior observed in torqued tension tests shall be discussed in my the other paper.
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MOTOI YASUMURA, HIDEO SUGIYAMA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
88-98
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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TAROW NOGUCHI, YOUKO OHTSUKI, KATSUZO ITOH
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
99-106
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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We defined the actual contrast of a visual target at a fovea as an EFFECTIVE CONTRAST in our previous paper. This is not the same as the nominal contrast of it, because the stray light in the eyeball is superimposed on the foveal image. This concept leads to simplify the treatment of visual ability, because the effects of size of targets are eliminated and the visual ability can be determined only with contrast sensitivity. We have already confirmed the availability and applicability of this concept in the case of the unidirectional targets. In this paper, the applicability of above concept to the rectangular figures is discussed based on the results of visual experiments, as the first step to extend its application to the general visual objects. The results obtained may be summarized as follows : 1) The EFFECTIVE LUMINANCE, which is defined as a foveal luminous stimulus taking account of the stray light in the eyeball, is more useful concept than the effective contrast to deal with the visual problems systematically. 2) For the rectangular figures, above concept is also applicable and available to estimate the visual ability. 3) Some examples of the calculations of the effective luminance ratios for the figures composed of rectangular elements are also presented. Further visual experimental studies are necessary to apply this concept to detail recognition of the visual objects.
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YOSHIO TAKESHIMA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
107-114
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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A Commuter to a big city moves daily in several locations and a wide area and has many opportunities to use assembly facilities. The aim of this paper is to study such commuter's choice of the assembly facilities and is to consider the meanings of them in a residential area and suitable locations. This paper especially focuses on the attending behavior to lectures and lessons, and besed on the questionaire method. The subjects are the employers of 6 companies that located in C. B. D of Osaka city. The results are as follows : 1. On the lecture, the subject's attending behavior which takes the first place is going back and force in work hours between the office and the facility and the second is going to the facilty on their way home. On the other hand, on the lesson, going to the facitity on their way home is the first, and going from their residences is the second. In their attending behavior on their way home, the facilities in the vicinity of the station near to the office are most perfered, and the locations of facilities which can be choiced are related to daily commuting-route. 2. And, such attending behavior is affected by, a. the relationship between the subject's work and the content of lecture or lesson. b. means or persons that inform the existence of lecture or lesson. c. a day of the week and time to attendance. d. companion to attendance with. 3. Most of the used facilites are located in Osaka city, and are under private management. The users of the facilities in residencial areas, especially those of the lower-level facilities under public management, are few. 4. From the subject's needs for the locations of facilities, the above mentiond tendency also sujjested. On the lecture, the locations of facilities are wanted in the vicinity of the office. Such needs are similar to the actual state of use. On the lesson, the locations of facilities are also wanted in the vicinity of the office. But, if compaired with that of the lecture and with the actual state of use, needs for the locations of facilities increase in the vicinity of the residence. Nevertheless, if consider the actual state of use, that almost subjects attend at weekday evening, the increase on the use of facilities in the residencial area are not exepected.
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MASAMI KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
115-121
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Fire outbreaks in 1948 Fukui, 1964 Niigata, 1968 Tokachi-oki and 1978 Miyagiken-oki earthquakes have been analysed to obtain date for the estimation of fires in future earthquakes in urban regions Japan. The change of fuel from solid to liquid and gas has caused the change of fire apparatus for cooking and heating used in houes, which has decreased the fires in recent earthquakes occureed in restaurants, food shops and dwellings that were the dominant fire origins in Kanto and Fukui earthquakes. Instead, though the number is very small, fires of oil or gas tanks have begun to occur since 1964 Niigata earthquake. Analysing the five major earthquakes, it is estimated that fire outbreak rate (number of fires per household) of all fires in a city in future earthquakes of intensity 5 to 6 (JMA) does not exceed 2.0×10^<-4> and that of general fires does not exceed 1.5×10^<-4> and that of chemical fires does not exceed 0.5×10^<-4>. And self-extinguishment of general fires is expected to be about 60% at intensity 5, 30% at intensity 6 and 0% at intensity 7 and that of chemical fires is expected to be about 60% at intensity 5 to 6. Following these data, the number of fires in future earthquakes is estimated to be less than those calculated by former methods. But in the earthquakes of intensity 7, quite different from intensity 5 to 6, there is no denying the occurence of much higher fire outbreak ration.
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HARUYOSHI YAMADA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
122-130
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Following the previous paper on that of the older generation, in this paper, we have analyzed the relationship between the necessary condition for leisure and the amount of cultural, athletic and recreational activities among the younger generation of twenties. The following points are clarified in this paper. 1. The organization of family members such as whether the young have their spouse and children or not is especially one of the main factors for defining the amount of the three activities. 2. The amount of the activities of the subjects depends on the external factors such as their geographic, economic and social condition, as well as on their internal factors. 3. Besides the two points mentioned above, it has been clarified that there is a relationship between their attitude towards farming and their degree of affilication in the group activities of local communities.
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KOUICHI ISHIZAKA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
131-139
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper deals with a forecasting method of Residential Land Area per Household, as Basic Unit of Residential Land Demand Forecast. A summary of the concluson is shown below. (1) In urbanization promotion area, Resdential Land Area per Houshold can be estimated excellently from Density of Household. (2) In total administrative area, Residential Land Area per Household can be estimated in the almost the same manner as in urbanization promotion area, And this method is stable to change of times.
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MARIKO OKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
140-149
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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My previous article, A Study on the Architectural Manuals "Tana-hinagata"-Part 1, clarified the fact that the wood block prints played an important role with regard to the completion of the architectural manuals called "Tana-hinagata"; one architectual manual which belonged to this category of "Tana-hinagata" in the beginning of the Edo era remains as a set, which I have termed the "Shijuhachi-tana-kei". However, "Tana-hinagata", by the end of the Edo era, had gradually come to be composed of three groups, including "Hoka-gojuni-tana-kei" and "Zatsuroku-kei" in addition to "Shijuhachi-tana-kei". The process of the development and utilization of "Tana-hinagata" is explicated in this paper.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
150-158
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Article type: Bibliography
1984 Volume 338 Pages
157-
Published: April 30, 1984
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 338 Pages
159-168
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The object of this paper is to study the wave pressure distribution experimentaly on the interaction between the elastic cylindrical shell structure and water wave. Four types of cylindrical shell are selected as the model of fixed-type elastic offshore structure with the great increase of interest in recent year. Our experiments are performed in two kinds of tank. They are small tank for a preliminary use and the large one with a flutter-type wave generator. Under the incident waves of small amplitude motion generated by the wave generator, the dynamic pressure distributions, displacements and strains on shell wall are measured. Especially, the measured values of dynamic wave pressure are compared with MacCamy and Fuchs theory which was derived on the riged cylindrical structure using the diffraction theory. Through this comparison, we pointed out that the motion of shell which is caused by the characteristics of incident waves have an influence to wave pressure distribution.
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 338 Pages
App1-
Published: April 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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