Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 310 Pages Cover1-
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 310 Pages Cover2-
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_Cover2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1981 Volume 310 Pages Toc1-
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_Toc1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 310 Pages App1-
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_App1

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A STOCHASTIC THEORY FOR CONCRETE FRACTURE (PART III)

MASANORI IZUMI, HIROZO MIHASHI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 1-9
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_1

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Strength of concrete is widely scattered because of the heterogeneity of this composite materials. So far, no generally accepted theory to describe the stochastic nature of concrete properties is available. In this paper, a stochastic theory for fracture of materials is presented. This theory is based on physically relevant models. It is possible to describe the fracture process and provide a realistic basis for a mathematical formulation of the variability of porous materials. Especially, the present paper is concerned about the size effect of concrete materials. It's clarified by theoretical consideration that the effect of specimen size on fracture strength is affected by the failure process. Therefore, the size effect is changed between tensile fracture and compressive fracture. The tendency of this theoretical consideration agrees with the results of past experimental investigations. This stochastic model is also available for the investigation of the fact that non-linear stress strain behavior is changed by the quantity of aggregates, or the degree of cracking arrest effect.

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PLASTIC COLLAPSE ANALYSIS OF FRAME STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO COMBIND STRESSES UNDER REPEATED LOADING

MICHIKATSU HIRANO, HIDEO HOZUMI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 10-21
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_10

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This paper describes a method of analysing the shakedown load of elastic perfectly-plastic frames considering combined stresses. The authors have achieved the technique of fictitious yield convex polyhedron in order to develop the dual static and kinematic LP statements of the incremental collapse load analysis. This technique states that the fictitious yield convex polyhedron shrinks according to the expantion of envelope of varying elastic stresses in equilibrium with magnified external loads. This paper also reports that the nonlinear conditions of yield surface can be linearized by means of the yield convex polyhedron, which is modified in repetition to obtain as much value of the collapse load under the actual yielding conditions as possible. The process introduced herein features mainly as follows. 1) The stress resultants of the yielding cross sections at different instances in the loading cycle can be given as a solution of some mere simultaneous linear equations by aid of degeneracy. 2) Since the safety factors at both the upper and lower bounds are always obtainable, wherever of the stage of repetition should the modification be ceased, the range within the true solution exists is apparent.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE WIND FORCE COEFFICIENT ON STEEL-PIPE-TOWER : Part 1 Drag-coefficient on Tower of Quadrange Section

HIDEO UZUKI, ISAMU KAMEI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 22-31
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_22

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In this paper, wind forces acting on steel-pipe-towers were investigated by wind tunnel tests. We used the projected area A_<η(θ)> instead of the traditional facade area A_ηjust as in the study of the relation between drag-coefficient and solidity ratio when steel-pipe-tower takes an incidence angle to wind. To sum of the experimental results, under the influence of Reynolds number the drag-coefficient in a steel-pipe-tower decreases around R_e=5.0×10^5 when diameter of main pillar and projection ratio of tower are large. The relation between projection ratio η_<(θ)> and drag-coefficient C_<D(θ)> which could not be solved has been clarified including the change of wind direction. And drag-coefficient C_<D(θ)> obtained for space truss here, includes the interference of the windward and leeward trusses and the influence of side frame truss. Influence of size of gusset plates constituting a frame and influence of the plane brace member on drag-coefficient have also been clarified. From the above facts, we can say that some parameters necessary for designing with consideration of wind effects on steel-pipe-tower have thus been indentified to some extent.

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AN ESTIMATION METHOD OF HEATED TEMPERATURE OF STEEL STRUCTURES SUFFERED FROM A FIRE : Part 1 A method to be estimated from hardness of washer material used at high strength bolted joints

KOZO WAKIYAMA, AKIO TATSUMI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 32-42
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_32

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To estimate heated temperature of steel structures sufferd from a fire, hardness of washer material used at high strength bolted joints was chosen. In this report, the results of the relationship between heated temperature vs. hardness of washer material under various condition are reported. According to these data, this method to be estimated from hardness of washer material was applied to two steel structures suffered from a fire and fundamental data for repairing to re-use were obtained.

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DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURES WITH BURIED FOUNDATION

TAKUJI KOBORI, TSUYOSHI TACHIKAWA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 43-52
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_43

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For the asseismic design of building structures, civil engineers have been interested in the dynamical interaction characteristics of structures with buried foundation in a soft soil ground. In this paper are presented some results on the dynamical interaction chracteristics of two rigid structures separately embeded in an elastic surface layer. The out line will be described in following items below : 1. When the ratio of the distance between structures to the depth of those embeded foundation is larger than 5, and the nondimensional frequency parameter is from zero to π/2, the dynamical stiffnesses of sub-side soil ground by taking of the adjacent structure are nearly equal to ones in the case of the infinite surface layer. 2. In the case of the preceding parameter ranges, the dynamical soil pressure subjected to horizontal base rock motion nearly equals to be one in the case of infinite layer. 3. And so, each interaction frequency response curve of structures in the preceding parameter ranges equals to be that of each in the infinite surface layer, respectively. 4. On the other hand, when the ratio of the distance between structures to the depth of those embeded foundation is smaller than 5, each first resonance frequency of structures is higher than of each in the infinite surface layer, respectively. 5. And, there is one absorption frequency in each interaction frequency response curve.

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A RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR VIBRATING SYSTEMS TO GAUSSIAN WHITE NOISE EXCITATION BY THE STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION II

Seiichi Tasaka, Osamu Matsuoka

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 53-60
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_53

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As an application of the stochastic differential equation approach to the response analysis of MDOF systems, the equation of motion of a beam without damping is considered. The finite difference approximation is employed for the spatial discretization, resulting the simultaneous ordinary differential equations to which the stochastic differential equation method is applied. An illustrative numerical example for the case of a certain nonstationary Gaussian white noise excitation is given, and the results are compared with those obtained by the mode superposition method.

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INELASTIC TORSIONAL RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS

YUTAKA YAMAZAKI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 61-69
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_61

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The objectives of this paper are (1) to identify the basic parameters which control the earthquake response of torsionally coupled systems composed of resisting elements providing force interaction during yielding; (2) to clarify differences in response among an elastic system (E), an elasto-plastic system without force interaction (EP), and an elasto-plastic system with force interaction (EPI), and (3) to evaluate effects of magnitude of eccentricity. A single-story structure with a rectangular deck and four resisting elements was used to examine these objectives. First, dimensionless equations of motion were formulated containing the basic parameters which control earthquake response and, then, parametric studies were carried out to determine the effects of such parameters on elasto-plastic coupled translational-torsional response. The principal conclusions of this study are the following : 1. The response spectra for EPI-systems are generally smooth functions of natural period T_x which is in contrast with the response spectra for E- and EP-systems which are quite irregular. 2. Force interaction effects do not always produce larger maximum displacements. Force interaction effects on inelastic response have a tendency to balance the two components of displacement response for those cases involving large plastic deformations. 3. Translational displacement responses at the center of mass of the EPI-systems, ν_x and ν_y, are insensitive to changes in the values of eccentricities, especially, for those systems having long uncoupled natural periods T_x; however, torsional response about the center of mass, ν_θ, increases almost linearly with increasing values of the eccentricities. 4. Torsional component of coupled translational-torsional response is very sensitive to characteristics of input ground motions. 5. Upper bound values of a torsional displacement to a translational one, ru_θ/u_x, are 0.25 and 0.45 for systems with values of eccentricities, e_y/r=0.2 and 0.4, respectively.

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A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR STRUCTURES WITH ORIGIN-ORIENTED DEGRADING STIFFNESS SYSTEMS BY RANDOM VIBRATION THEORY

Masakazu OZAKI, Akihiro SAWAII

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 70-81
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_70

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A BASIC STUDY ON THE ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION (IV) : Downward Air-Supply System with Multi-Nozzles

HIDEKI KUBOTA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 82-87
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_82

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The experiments, discharging the air downward from the nozzles arranged over the ceiling with equal distance, show that the air pattern remains symmetrical and, after the jets reach each other, rapid decreasing of the centerline air velocity is observed even the discharged air is cool. This is because most part of the flow rate along the jets turn back to be entrained to the jets again. This air-supply system therefore provides the uniform air distribution in the occupied space without excess air movement when the point where the jets reach each other is properly arranged.

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INVESTIGATION ON STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND AT GROUND LEVEL AND CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING WIND-INDUCED DISCOMFORT : Part-I Long-term observation of wind at ground level in built-up area

SHUZO MURAKAMI, KUNIO FUJII

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 88-97
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_88

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Tis paper describes the statistical characteristics of the wind at the ground level. The observations of the wind were conducted around a high-rise apartment house in the built-up area in Tokyo, during two years. From the results of the observations, typical characteristics of the wind are clarified, for example distributions of the wind velocity, the velocity ratio, the gust factor, and the turbulence intensity, the crossing rates, the number of storms, and also the longterm power spectrum of the horizontal wind velocity, etc.

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A STUDY ON MEASUREMENT OF THE SENSE OF OPPRESSION BY A BUILDING : PART-4 Estimation of a Permissible Value of the Sense of Oppression and Conclusion of this Study

MASAAKI TAKEI, MASAKI OHARA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 98-106
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_98

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This paper is PART-4 in a series of Experimental Study on Measurement of the Sense of Oppression by a Building. This is the final report, which is mentioned the conclusion of last three reports and the estimation of the permissible value of the sense of oppression caused by a building. The permissible value of the sense of oppression is estimated good for practical design of buildings. As a general result, we propose that the permissible value of the sense of oppression was 8% of configuration factor of the building. In case of over 4% of configuration factor of the building, we should discuss that the building is a influential element of urban environment. And, for reference, we made a comparison between the equal lines of sense of oppression and the equal hour shadow lines. This study is consist of six Experiments, which contents are indicated below. In Experiment I, we tried to find the psychological meaning of the sense of oppression as the subject of this study. The sense of oppression is a kind of unpleasant one caused by volumes of an exterior wall of a building, through vision in an exterior space. And it is also consciousness of being sufferer, namely being "pushed on", "compelled", "overhanged". In Experiment II, we mentioned the availability of the device for the experiment-wide view projection system composed of three screens. In Experiment III, by means of the quantitative treatments of sensation-psychometrical treatments, we mention about the sellection process of the physical value that has the most suitable and explanatory ability for the psychological content of the sense of oppression caused by a building. It was obtained that the sense of oppression is explained by a look of a building shape, namely the solid angle factor of a building. However, it became clear through further analysis that the configuration factor-the value that weights height element-is more suitable and explanatory physical value for the sense of oppression than the solid angle factor of a building. Experiment IV is the trial of the proposal of the equation for estimating the sense of oppression by means of the statistical process. As a result, inspite of the difference among three typical housing areas, the equation for estimating the sense of oppression caused by a building in housing area is indicated as follows; Ψ=30.2c^<0.80> where, Ψ : the sense of oppression caused by a building c : configuration factor of a building. In Experiment V, we discussed the influence of a distance to a building. After consideration of horizontal distance to a building, we could indicate the equation for estimating a sense of oppression. The result showed that the consistency of vision had some influence to a sense of oppression, in other words, the farther the distance from a building is, the stronger the sense of oppression becomes, in the case of the same configuration factor. The sense of oppression obtained from two variables, configuration factor and distance to a building. Ψ=6.63c^<1.002>D^<0.426> where, D : distance to a building. In Experiment VI, we discussed correlation between the colour effect of an exterior wall of a building and the sense of oppression. As a result, it became clear that the colour of an exterior wall of a building had some influence on a sense of oppression, but we didn't have quantitative analysis of the relation.

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A STUDY ON THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE PUBLIC SPORTS INSTITUTION BY THE OPEN SCHOOL TO THE PUBLIC (No.1) : On the Function of the Management Method and the Formation of the Use Area about the Open School Ground to the Public

MASAO AOKI, SHIGERU KAMIWADA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 107-118
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_107

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The purpose of this study is to suggest the method which can divide between "a service for neighborhood residents" and "a service for various users" about the use of the open school ground to the public. On this first paper, we analyzed the function of the management method and the formation of the use area. The results are as follows. 1. The management method in classified as follows. One is the independent management method, the other is concentrate management method. The former is minutely classified the management by the committee, by the school's staff, and by the full-time staff. The latter is minutely classified the management by the School-Board, and by the special organization. 2. Each management method have the function to control utilization; the independent management method have the function which limit to "community utilization" and the concentrate management method have the function which include "extencive utilization". 3. The use area is formed by the factor which is related to user -the behavior peculiarity of the groups and the sports items, the groups distribution in city-, and by the factor which is related to school -the position in city and the ground area. 4. One side, the use area of school which are mainly used by the neighborhood-softball groups is narrow without concern with each school position in city. The other side, the use area of schools which are mainly used by occupational-baseball groups is wide in proportion to a distance between each school and the center of city.

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THE FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY SPACE AND NEIGHBORLINESS IN THE APARTMENT HOUSE

KOTOKO YAMASAKI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 119-127
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_119

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The purpose of this study is to make clear how most of the troubles which occur among the residents in apartment houses are caused by their unneighborliness, which is caused by insufficient community space : in other words, how the degree of neighborliness depends on the amount of the community space in the apartment house. The resurts are as follows : 1) Those who live in the apartment house in which apartments are connected not by corridors but vertically by stairs have better neighborliness than those who live in the one with corridors, elevators and balconies. 2) In the latter type apartment house, more, more troubles occur between the family living on the upper floor and the one living right below than those living next door to each other on the same floor. 3) More intimate relationship among the neighbors causes less trouble. 4) Consequently, it is advisable to provide apartment house with more community space, which is somehow like a private area, such as stairs and landings.

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"RE-CREATION IN THE HISTORICAL TRANSITION OF ARCHITECTURE" : A Study of Re-creation (Nachschaffen) in Architecture 3

KENGO OSABE

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 128-135
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_128

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Aesthetic acceptance is possible only when an acceptor has his own creativity. So, when the acceptor's creativity works more positively, that is, when his creativity is powerful enough, the acceptance no more stays simply as aestetic contemplation, but it can expand into the world of creation. We might say that re-creation interpreted in this sense forms the nucleus of the historical transition of architecture. When the acceptor, in designing his new building, changes the styles of architecture of former periods, or when he introduces those of other districts or countries, he can do so after recreating these architectural works and then himself becoming a creator to accomplish a new creation. This was how the architecture of ancient Greece was inherited to the architecture of ancient Rome which, as you know, was restored after so many years in Renaissance.

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THE STUDY ON THE SPACE OF TANTRIC BUDDHISM (2) : Kanjyo-ceremony and Kanjyo-do Part 2

YOSHIHISA SAWANOBORI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 136-142
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_136

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This report, Part 2 deals with the construction of the space of Sanmayakai as the preceding ceremony of Kanjyo.

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ON THE SECONDARY ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION BEFORE OR AFTER SEVERAL YEARS SINCE 1887

KEIICHI SHIMIZU

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 143-151
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_143

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Full scale secondary architectural education was started before or after several years since 1887 in Japan. This paper showed how to be learned the architectural education at TOKYO SHOGYO GAKKO (a Commercial and Engineering Apprentices' School in Tokyo Commercial School) and KOSHU GAKKO (a private technical school in Tokyo), and to make clear how to be started the secondary architectural education in Japan.

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JIHEI YAMAMOTO'S ARCHITECTURAL ACTIVITY AND EVOLUTION OF HIS EXTERIOR DESIGN TO BE SEEN IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES IN THE LATE-MEIJI ERA : Historical Studies on Higher Educational Facilities in Japan Part 4

MASAAKI MIYAMOTO, NAOKI TANI, JUNICHIRO ISHIDA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 152-160
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_152

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This paper is a study on the evolutional state of higher educational facilities in the Late-Meiji Era. Here, paying a special attention to the activity of Jihei Yamamoto, one of the main architects in the Ministry of Education. I make clear his achievements and his works and point out his important role in the evolutional process of higher educational facilities and the feature and transition to be seen in the exterior design of main buildings in these facilities which he had designed.

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STUDY ON ANTONIO GAUDI Y CORNET : 『Notebook Containing Diary and Notes on "Ornamentation"』and his Architectural Theory

MASAYUKI IRIE, YOSHIRO IKEHARA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 310 Pages 161-170
Published: December 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.310.0_161

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This paper is to define a fragment of the architectural theory of Antonio Gaudi y Cornet (1852-1926) by elucidating the meaning of ornamentation in his unpublished 『Notebook containing diary and notes on "Ornamentation"』written by himself during 1876-1879. The followings have been proved, 1) First of all the importance of this material has been defined by considering historically many literatures of Antonio Gaudi. This material has been neglected by many traditional biographers for a long time. 2) This one was not manuscript on ornamentation written as general consideration, but manifestation of architectural vision that Gaudi himself imposed through the process of investigating the sense of crnamentation. 3) In this notebook Gaudi grasped extensiveely the meaning of ornamentation as the process of synthesizing the architecture in itself, or vital 「synthetic form」(the original pp.63), 「simplified form」(the original pp.63) produced from this process. 4) The concept of synthesis, that had been grasped in form of 「embryo」(the original pp.62) in this notebook, was maintained preciously in his mind, raised and succeeded to the ripeness of the synthesis in his later years (1914-1926), which characterized the figure and works of Antonio Gaudi.

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