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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 344 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 344 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 344 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1984
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 344 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1984
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HIDENORI ONO, HIROSHI BABA, MAKOTO YOSHIOKA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
1-8
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper, Part 2 of the study, presents a process of development of a device for accelerating stains on polymeric floor finishing materials. This device is designed to instantly produce stains which are similar to those on actually exposed floors. The procedure of the development of the device was as follows : 1. Following the findings through observation of the actual state of stains, which were reported in Part 1, the degree of perceived stains was defined as a perceived change from the virgin state. Thus the degree of perceived stains can be judged by compairing the stained material in question with one in the virgin state. 2. An availability of several different sensory test was examined and a paired-comparison-method and a method of rank-order were found to be suitable for judging the degree of stains. Thus two psychological scales for measuring the degree of perceived stains were created. 3. The change of optical conditions (average color differences) of stained materials was measured and it was found to be significantly correlated with the degree of perceived stains on the psychological scales. 4. A specification of the accelerating device for stains was decided on the basis of the similarity of the optical conditions of the products to the actually exposed materials.
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MICHIO KOIKE, KYOJI TANAKA, TAKASHI TOMIITA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
9-15
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Stresses and strains are induced in built-up roof membranes by joint movement in the substrate. In this papar, the stresses and strains are analysed under constant temperatures, introducing the visco-elasticity of a roofing felt and a bonding asphalt. The modulus of the material in a small element in the membrane is determined by its stress and strain at the moment and is not equal to that of the other element. Therefore the membrane is replaced by the equivalent model which consists of tensile elements for the roofing felt and shearing elements for the bonding asphalt. Assuming that the materials obey the power rule, visco-elastic behavior of the built-up roof membrane is analysed by the simulation method under constant temperatures, 0, 20, 40 and 60℃. It is almost impossible to measure the induced stresses or strains, then the validity of the analysis method is discussed by the comparisons of the calculated tensile loads with the observed ones in the substrate joint opening tests of the membranes. This visco-elastic analysis method can be regarded as useful at low temperature when the joint gaps in the substrates open wider and larger strains are induced, because the observed and calculated tensile loads acceptably agreed with each other at 0 and 20℃. The equation expressing strains based on the theory of elasticity can be used as the simplified calculating method of the strains when substituting the moduli of the materials at the elapsed time of concern.
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SEIKI NAGAMATSU, YOSHIAKI SATO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
16-24
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The creep function of ageing concrete has been expressed as the function not only of load duration but of time from the instant of set of concrete and age at loading. However, it is not rational in some case of creep analysis to use such a creep function because creep substantially depends on the degree of hydration rather than the age. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the parameter indicating the degree of hydration into the creep function and to propose a suitable form of creep function. Based on both creep function of non-ageing (very old) concrete proposed in our previous paper and theory of the solidifying porous material proposed by Z. P. Bazant, the creep function of ageing concrete was obtained in this paper.
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HIROYUKI KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
25-32
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In order to transmit the shearing force, cotters or teeth-marks have often been used in the joints of reinforced concrete precast structures. In this paper, I will report that by making experiments on the shear joints with the various types and numbers of cotters or teeth-marks and comparing with the several ways of tests hitherto made, the ultimate strength depends upon not only the shearing area but also the way of adding force and the figure of cotters or teeth-marks. Also we have obtained the elastic stress distributions of all specimens used in the experiments by the finite element method and found out that in brittle fracture of precast concrete by the concentrated tensile stress, the destructive cracks occured towards the principal stresses and there existed an obvious certain relation between the apparent plastic sphere γ_t as in Fig-16 and its stress slope on the surface of destruction as in Fig-17 of this article. So we will offere by using these relation, the method of estimating the shear strength of cotters or teeth-marks of the complicated shape from the elastic stress distribution near the cutting marks.
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CHIAKI MATSUI, SHOSUKE MORINO, JUNICHI KIMURA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
33-42
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The lateral-torsional buckling tests of H-shaped steel beam-columns subjected to axial force and horizontal load, are performed in the form of L-shaped frame consisting of an H-shaped column and a box beam to investigate the maximum strength and the deformation behavior. The effects of the axial force ratio, the slenderness ratio and the beam-to-column relative stiffness ratio on the lateral-torsional buckling load and the in-plane load-displacement relation are discussed by comparing the test results with the theoretical results. Summarizing the results of parametric tests, the following conclusions are derived; (1) The maximum strength of a beam-column obtained in the test is generally higher than the theoretical lateral-torsional buckling strength. Detailed investigation on this point is yet needed together with the post-buckling analysis. The effect of the lateral-torsional buckling clearly apperars in the grave strength reduction after the maximum strength is attained. (2) As to the beam-columns with the slenderness ratio larger than or equal to 120, the sudden decrease in the strength takes place right after the maximum strength is attained, and the rotation capacity scarcely expected in these beam-columns. (3) The decrease in the value of the beam to-column relative stiffness ratio reduces the rotation capacity in the range of relatively small slenderness ratio, because of the combined effect of the in-plane P・△ moment and lateral-torsional buckling deformation.
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YUJI MAKINO, YOSHIAKI KUROBANE, KENSHI OCHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
43-54
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Past test results indicated that tubular X and T-joints under tensile brace loading sustained greater deformation than the same joints under compression, without losing the overall stability. It has been proposed in the past by several investigators to calculate the ultimate strengths of these joints under tension only by multiplying the capacities of the same joints under compression by a constant value greater than 1.0. Additional test results recently obtained, however, evidenced that the capacity of the joints in tension did not vary propotionally with the capacity in compression. Further, the observed ultimate strengths in tension were subjected to greater than those in compression, because the ultimate strengths were governed by separation of a tension brace from the chord and, therefore, were influenced by welding conditions, weld defects, material propeties, and so forth. This paper presents presents results of analysis of all the test results available for tubular X and T-joints under tension. Comparison is also made with the capacity of simple model rings, on which the ultimate strength formulae are based. The following conclusions are drawn : (1) The nonlinear finite element analysis is found to interpret well responses of model rings to concentrated brace forces. Many similarities are found between the behaviors of tubular X-joints and model rings. (2) The ultimate and the yield strengths of tubular joints are defined basing them on the load-deformation curves. It is assumed that the yield strength can be used as a measure of a serviceability limit state. (3) A multiple regression analysis is carried out to obtain new prediction equations for both the ultimate and the yield strengths of the X and T-joints under tension. Greater scatter is observed in these equations as compared with the joints under compression. (4) The resistance factors for serviceability and ultimate limit states are calculated using simple LRFD formats. The serviceability limit state can be more critical than the ultimate limit state, although this statement varies with the probability distributions of loads.
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KOJI YOSHIMURA, KENJI KIKUCHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
55-67
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Eigenvalue and dynamic analyses of medium- and low-rise R/C frames in which shear walls with edge members are arranged in various patterns are conducted within the elastic range. And the effects of vertical component of earthquake ground motions and vertical column modes on the seismic behavior of fifty-six different model frames are investigated. Summarizing the results of analysis; (1) Pattern of arrangement of the shear walls into ductile moment-resisting plane frames has not a remarkable effect on the fundamental periods of vibration in vertical column modes, although the fundamental periods of lateral-sway modes are considerably affected by the difference of the shear wall arrangement in the building frames. (2) Vertical mode shapes of the building frames having various arrangement of shear walls can be classified into three groups. Effects of vertical component of ground motions on dynamic forces induced in the first story exterior and interior columns are dependent on the difference of those classified mode shapes. (3) Vertical component of ground motions gives a larger effect on axial forces in the upper story individual columns rather than the lower columns. (4) Axial forces in many of the interior columns located in the first story are considerably affected by the vertical component of simultaneous ground motions, while the vertical component of simultaneous ground motions has not a large effect on the axial forces in first story exterior columns. (5) Vertical component of simultaneous ground motions has not a large effect on the story shears and drifts.
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KAZUO INOUE, SEONG-EUN KIM, SADAYOSHI IGARASHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
68-80
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In this paper, the results of experiment on six composite beams and two bare steek beams are reported. To resemble the load condition of beams those that exist in a frame, specimens are tested against central vertical load and couples acting at both ends. The items of experiment are as follows. (1) Simple beam test with vertical load. (2) Fixed-ended beam test with vertical load. (3) Bending test against various terminal couple ratio without vertical load. (4) Cyclic bending test in elastic-plastic range with and without constant vertical load. These tests were conducted keeping both ends rotation equal. Experimental results are compared with results analyzed by the method proposed by authors.
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SHOICHI NAKAI, NOBUO FUKUWA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
81-92
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In this paper studies are made to investigate the effect of viscous dashpots, which are introduced in a two-dimensional analysis to simulate energy dissipation in the third direction due to radiation, on the response of structures subjected to seismic waves. Though these viscous dashpots have been widely used in the dynamic finite element analyses, the effect of them on the response of stuctures seems not to have been discussed in detail. The authors have studied this problem by the use of the boundary element method combined with the substructure technique. Since there is no fundamental solution available for this problem, the analysis begins with obtaining the displacements on the surface of an elastic half-space or of a finite layer overlying a rigid rock due to a unit strip load applied at the ground surface. By considering the response of a foundation placed on the surface of the ground, it was found that the dynamic characteristics of a rigid foundation are fairly improved by adding dashpots to the ground in two dimension and that the fluctuation of the response due to the existence of an underlying rigid rock is drastically suppressed by the addition of dashpots. This may be understood that waves propagate in the third direction by the addtion of them.
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KUNIO YAMAGATA, YOHKO NAKAZAWA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
93-102
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The results of 3 vertical loading tests on large diameter steel pipe piles with slip layers on pile surface to reduce negative skin friction are reported. The dimension of piles, location of strain gages and soil profiles are shown in Fig.2, 9 and 16. The bearing capacities of piles are dicided from the results of tests as Table 3. The behavior of friction stress τ_<SL> (on pile surface with slip layers) and τ_O (with non-slip layers) are expressed in Fig.24 and 25.Fig.29 is the relationship between pile tip resistance R_p and settlement S_p, and mesured ultimate values of R_p are compared with calculated values.
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HIROYASU OKUYAMA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
103-115
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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A general diffusion system consisting of conduction and mass flow can be clearly modeled in the form of a state equation using network concepts. In the previous paper 1), a diffusion system comprised only of conduction was discussed. That the eigenvalue of the system is a real and negative number was proved, and an exact time integration scheme was given. In Section 3 of the present paper, the diffusion system is generalized including mass flow, and proof is provided that the real part of the eigenvalue of the system is negative. Also, a definition by formulation is given for system parameters, which are the three kinds of capacety mij, generalized conductance cij, and free input ratio rij. Next, two theories of system parameter identification are deduced from the modern method of least squares. One will be called "Batch Identification", which is implemented in a single step after a long period of observing state and input variables. Its formulation is indicated by (34), and the algorithm is described in Section 12. The other will be called "Sequential Identification", implemented successively at every short observation period. It is formulated as a parameter time discrete system indicated by (51a) (51b) (51c) and (50), with the algorithm described in Section 13. The recursive equations of the latter are deduced from (34) employing Woodbury's matrix inversion Lemma. The sufficient and necessary condition of identifiability and proof of the asymptotic stability of the parameter time discrete system (51a) are presented in Section 9. Error in an identified system parameter is considered to be caused by the residual of the observing equation or by the observing noise and is evaluated by co-variance matrix (61). Two indices are given in Section 11 enabling evaluation of the appropriateness of the state equation structured by parameters identified for real phenomena.
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GEN TANIGUCHI, MAKOTO YANAGISAWA, SHOUJI IMAI, AKIKAZU KATOH, KAZUNORI ...
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
116-125
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The study aims to evaluate the ward planning from aspects of efficiency in nursing activities. The paper refers to 1) Relations between the total distance of nurses' trips and the distribution pattern of patients, and 2) Numerical simulations of nurses' trips in ward plan types. The results are as follows : 1) The critical linkage of trips is the one between nurses' station and patients' bedrooms because nurses tripped more frequently between these two in surveyed wards. 2) The above phenomenon is more notable in surgical units. 3) The main destination of trips is the bedrooms of seriously ill patients. 4) The re-arrangements of patient distributions are effective in several nursing units by reducing the distance of trips. 5) The above room-changes are excercised in surveyed surgical units. 6) No clear relations are found between the distances from nurses' stations to a certain patients' bedrooms and the frequencies of trips to that bedroom. 7) The double corridor D 1 type (nurses' station located in the center of ward core) marks the highest efficiency in the simulation of nurses' trips in ward plan types.
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HIROYUKI TAKAI, KENJIRO YASUNO, YOSHIRO NAMBA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
126-134
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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On the disaster prevention plan it is important to consider of the residents appraisal because safety and comfort in the residential area should be evaluated from both sides of residents and planners. In this study, we consider the conscious measure is one of the most important indexes to analyze the safety of the residential area. Here we analyze the residents consciousness and relationship between several factors related to urban characteristics and them. The main conclusions are as follows; 1) About several uneasiness of living, we found serious points that rate of uneasiness of fire and earthquake were pretty high. That is 87 percent of the surveyed households pointed fire risk and 70 percent of them pointed earthquake risk by the households survey. 2) At the moment of earthquake residents hold uneasiness toward safety of family menbers (92%), fire spread risk (85%), fire (71%) by the individual survey. 3) For a while after earthquake, the rates of uneasiness toward cut of electric power, gas and water supply (90%), emergency activity (67%), countermeasurers of local government (67%) are comparatively high. 4) Comprehensive environmental quality of disaster prevention is closely connected with the uneasiness of fire and earthquake. 5) By multiple correlation analysis comprehensive consciousness is estimated by several conscious measures. 6) The strongest correlation was observed between comprehensive environmental quality of disaster prevention and rate of total length of roads under 4.5-meter width and another indexes which express the characteristics of area size of residential area. 7) Estimation formulae we prepare for evaluation of the environment of disaster prevention reflect the real conditions. We would like to emphasize that narrow roads such as roads under 4.5-meter width should be used for disaster prevention plan. Because such roads are pretty important areas for residents to live safe and comfort lives. The plan of residential area is more important and emergent than the plan of rural area for residents to live lives safely and comfortably.
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CHIHIRO SEKIKAWA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
135-145
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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A thorough examination has been made of the general tendency of housing expenditure in Japan after the war, by cheking chiefly coefficients of income elasticity of demand. It was calculated by using figures of housing expenses and the related information in the Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure from 1963 to 1979 and the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditures from 1964 to 1979. The result was that the expenditure for housing expenses had the same trend as the expenditure of consumption after the war; especially after experiencing economic booms in the 1960's and in 1973 they have become balanced one by one from the items related with essential goods to luxury goods. After 1973, also each expenditure of items consisting of housing expenses has shown the same tendency. But, by tenure of dwelling units, they have shown very different ones.
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SHUZO FURUSAKA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
146-153
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Following the increasing requirements of this society, the construction projects become much more complex and much more costly in recent years. However, "Decision-Making" during planning and managing stages are still mostly depended on so called "Experience", "Intuition" or "Hunch". The fact is that there is a lack of rational approaches for Decision-Making which have been developed from management science applications, thus, the decisions might turn out entirely different by different parties. Although, the management science applications might not solve all the present Decision-Making Problem, but, it is definitely necessary to make efforts on logical Decision-Making approaches. This study is to try to define a fomula for one of the most important part of construction plan, "THE MOST SUITABLE CRANE DEPOSITION PLAN". It tries to propose the algorithm which can find out the less expensive crane-cost (total cost of the hire, assembling and demolishing of cranes) by arranging the combination use of different cranes, such as truck-crane, crawler crane, rail-mounted tower crane, tower crane, etc. The approaches will be described as follows; 1).…Examine the constructability of mobile-cranes. In lifting capacity, working range, possible workable height, etc. 2).…Define the crane deposition plan which is operationable at lowest cost by fixed type tower crane only as All-zero-one Integer Programming Problem. Examine the problem solution. Then, take Set Covering as special condition, examine the algorithm diminuting All-zero-one Integer Programming Problem. 3).…Find out the constructable crane list and floor numbers from 1) and 2). Then, set the selected crane and its cost from the first floor to the top floor of a project as Dynamic Programming Problem, "SHORTEST PATH PROBLEM", and explain the solutions. The applicability of this model solution will be concluded as follows; 1). Even under the same floor-plan and lifting-load condition, the crane deposition may be changed by floor numbers of the project. 2). Even under the same floor-plan and floor-numbers condition, the crane deposition may be changed substantially by the different lifting-load. 3). Under the present crane deposition plan, the cranes for the first floor to the top floor were usually set up by the very beginning of the project, however, this model solution shows a substantial difference. 4). The crane deposition plan might be influenced by the working period of each floor, that is because it might affect factors of assembling, demolishing and the hire of cranes. 5). Directly speaking, the conclusion shows that it is more beneficial at first to use the crane with the lower hire-cost, and replace it when it reaches its limitation of constructability.
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MARIKO OKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
154-163
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In the previous articles, the formation, the development and the utilization of the Architectural Manuals "Tana-hinagata" are clarified. This article deals with the phenomenon of the Meiji era concering "Tana-hinagata". It discusses the process of the decline due to the decrease in the number of examples of each publication as well as the ambiguity in their description on the one hand and the increase in the number of the publications on the other.
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Fukujiro FURUMURA, Takeo AVE
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
164-173
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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HARUOKI NARUSE, AKIHIKO MIYANO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 344 Pages
174-182
Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper describes some results of measurements of vibration levels made at roadside area within 40 meters distant from the edge of curb. The measurements were done for two cases, the one was that a vibration level was measured when one vehicle was traveling and another measurement was performed when multiple vehicle were traveling. A factor analysis was applied the data set of 158 measuring points. Using these set of data, a predictor is also established for the vibration level, L_<10>, at a point which is on the roadway just of the rain catch-basin. Using the 7 survey points data which represented the attenuated effect of distance, the vibration levels within 40 meters away from the curb were predicted. Points depicted from these analysis can be summarized as follows : (1) The vibration level at the point which is on the roadway just of the rain catch-basin is affected by the following factors; its magnitude in descending order, the condition of the road suface, the number of lanes, the type of the pavement, and the traffic density. (2) Predicted values are obtained by substituting the scores of the category into the predicting equation (γ=0.84). These are plotted with observed values in Fig.26. (3) Attenuation ranges from one to four dB/D.D.. It is found, however, that attenuation itself is affected by multi-factors such as the number of lanes, the stiffness of ground : N_<10>, and the ground composition. This point is subject to a further stipulation.
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 344 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1984
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 344 Pages
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Published: October 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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