Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 302 Pages Cover1-
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1981 Volume 302 Pages Cover2-
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_Cover2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1981 Volume 302 Pages Toc1-
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_Toc1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1981 Volume 302 Pages App1-
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_App1

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TRAJECTORIES AND VELOCITIES OF TYPHOON-GENERATED MISSILES : Part 1 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Flat Plates and Equations of Motion

MASAO TACHIKAWA, MASAHIRO FUKUYAMA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 1-11
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_1

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Flat plates such as roofing tiles, slates and sheet metals are prevailing missiles observed in typhoons. A wind tunnel experiment has been carried out to obtain the aerodynamic coefficients of square, rectangular and diamond flat plates, which are free to rotate about an axis perpendicular to stream, over the range from rest to steady state autorotation. The results are compared with those obtained by other investigators. Quasi-steady equations of motion of a particle model and a two-dimensional flat plate model are presented. The latter equations are modified using the aerodynamic coefficients of rotating plates obtained by the wind tunnel experiment. The influence of two non-dimensional parameters, the ratio of wind force to gravity force and Froude number, on the missile trajectories is shown by several results of numerical integrations.

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A RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR VIBRATING SYSTEMS TO GAUSSIAN WHITE NOISE EXCITATION BY THE STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION I

SEIICHI TASAKA, OSAMU MATSUOKA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 13-20
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_13

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This paper presents a general method of time-domain analysis for linear vibrating systems subjected to Gaussian white noise excitation. Our main concern is in the solution procedure for a class of stochastic differential equations which is equivalent to equations of linear dynamical systems with Gaussian white noise excitation. The solution procedure together with the evaluation of several types of statistical quantities is described by using the equation of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems. The application to multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems is quite straightforward, which will be studied in the forthcoming Part II.

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DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS BASED ON DISCRETIZED GREEN FUNCTION

TOSHIO KOBAYASHI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 21-27
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_21

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An advanced theory and its example is shown herein to evaluate the dynamic soil-structure interaction effect for considering the flexibility of the base mat. The displacement and stress of the contact area between structure and soil are treated as unknown functions. Through these unknown functions, the soil which is treated as semi-infinite elastic medium and the structure, of which dynamic characteristics are evaluated by FEM, are combined and coupled analysis is conducted. The dynamic relation of stress and displacement of this contact area can be expressed in the integral form using the Green function and is transformed to matrix form. As an example, response analysis is conducted for a BWR 1100MW reactor building, for a vertical earthquake. The result shows; 1) The rigid body assumption for base mat of the reactor building is not satisfied as indicated by response displacement and acceleration. 2) The distribution of reaction stress is very complicated and so uniform or rigid body stress pattern is not acceptable. 3) The displacement and the stress distribution depend on the characteristics of the structure such as rigidity and mass distribution.

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EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO POINT LOAD EXCITATION ON SEMI-INFINITE ELASTIC MEDIUM

TOSHIO KOBAYASHI

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 29-35
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_29

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In the solution of the semi-infinite elastic medium for point load excitation of the earth surface, an infinite integral form appears. In order to evaluate the response, the value of this infinite integral must be obtained. This paper describes a method to transform this infinite integral to a finite integral. In this method, an adequate complex function corresponding to the integrand is used and an identical equation which involves the infinite integral is obtained based on Cauchy's theorem. Using this identical equation, the infinite integral of the original solution is replaced by the finite integral. This is the stereotyped method in Fourier and/or Laplace transform. Lamb (3) used the same type method and in his days when electric computers were nil, it was the vital way to obtain the value of the infinite integral. In current days even with the availability of high-speed electric computers, it is still very useful for the following reasons. 1) If the numerical integral procedure is applied directly to the infinite integral form, it is impossible to execute it to infinite range and so must be stopped at a suitable range. In this case, errors remain. But when the infinite integral is transformed to the finite integral, this error does not appear. 2) There is the Rayleigh pole on the contour of the infinite integral. Near the pole, a special procedure is required because the value of integrand diverges on the pole. But this pole does not exist on the contour of the transformed finite integral and so there is no difficulty in numerical integral process. 3) The range of numerical integral is very short. It is only from 0 to 1.

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SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER INTO AND OUT OF AN INORGANIC POROUS BODY IN HYGROSCOPIC RANGE : Part 1 Analysis Based on Local Moisture Equilibrium and Linear Model

MAMORU MATSUMOTO, TAKAYUKI MATSUSHITA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 37-46
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_37

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Dynamical behaviour of moisture uptake and heat transfer in foam concrete at hygroscopic range is studied on bases of simultaneous heat and moisturet ransfer equations with assumptions of local moisture equilibrium and immovability of liquid water which were showh by us to be valid in wood fiber material, at the hygroscopic range. Based on these governing simultaneous heat and moisture transfer partial difference equations, moisture uptake and temperature variation in foam concrete plates are analyzed with numerical solutions and compared with the experimental result at the various temperature and humidity boundary conditions. At the lower humidity condition the calculated results based on linear equation indicate good agreement with the experimental results, but at the higher humidity condition the calculated results based on linear equation do not agree with the experimental results. These differences cannot be explained by the non-linearity of the equations based on parameter dependency on moisture content. In the next part of this paper, these differences are discussed with considering the hysteresis effect in moisture content.

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A BASIC STUDY ON THE ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION (II) : Predicting and evaluating cool air from ceiling slots

HIDEKI KUBOTA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 47-55
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_47

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This paper presents a guide for optimum design of room air distribution in summer cooling with the slot air-supply system. When discharging the cool air from the slot, the air pattern remains horizontal on the ceiling until the separation occurs. After separation, the cool air drops down into the occupied zone that causes discomfort to occupants. In this paper, a scale for evaluating discomfort by cool air jets is derived. The experiments give us characteristics, which enable us to estimate first, the value of the maximum air velocity in the occupied space and second, the value of the discomfort scale on the point where the cool jet drops. Based on the analysis for minimizing discomfort, an optimum set of values for the outlet conditions is suggested.

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SRUDY ON "HOUR SHADOW" OF A SINGLE STRAIGHT BLOCK PART-1

HIROMICHI ICHIKAWA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 57-66
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_57

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The term "hour shadow" in the title means an area bounded by a shadow curve of n-hours and a portion of walls of a building. In this paper the author deals with two problems of "hour shadow". One is the relation between the plan of a single straight block and the critical height of the block. The critical height of the building means the following; An increase of height of the building produces an enlargement of the area of "hour shadow" up to a certain point, beyond which any further increase produces no further change in the area of "hour shadow" upon the ground. Another is the relation between proportions of the building and the area of "hour shadow". In any case dealt here, the long axis of a single straight block runs north and south, or east and west. Moreover, the shadow curves in this study are made from shadows cast by a building at the winter solstice in Tokyo (Lat.35°41'N). The results are as follows. (1) The critical height of the building is decided by aspect ratio of the plan. (2) The area of "hour shadow" of the building is decided by both aspect ratio of the plan and ratio of slenderness of the elevation.

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STUDY ON CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STRENGTH OF HUMAN IMPACT AND THE STRENGTH OF FLAT GLASS DURING PRIVATE LIFE AT HOME : Part 2 Essay on Relation between the Estimated Strength of Human Impact and Actual Cases of Flat Glass Breakage

YOSITIKA UTIDA, HIDEO NAOI, TAKEHIRO MIURA, YUKIHARU MATSUO

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 67-75
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_67

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This is a basic study on how to prevent injuries related to flat glass, by clarifying the correlation between the strength of flat glass during private life at home. The study consists of two parts. This paper, as Part Two of the study, as Part Two of the study, deals with the strength of human impact estimated on existing data. It also proves that the correlation observed between the thus estimated human impact and the strength of flat glass obtained in Part One duly applies to the actual cases of flat glass breakage.

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A STUDY ON THE BABIES' ROOM PLANNING IN THE NURSERY SCHOOL : No.2 "The Pre-arranging Type", and the Necessity of Specialization of the Uses of a Nursery Space

MASAO AOKI, YASUHARU KAWANO, TERUKAZU TAKESHITA, TOSHIRO KITAOKA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 77-86
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_77

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This paper is the Second Series of "A Study on the Babies' Room Planning in the Nursery School". The Purposes and Methods of this paper 1. By investigating the preparation-clearance works at the conversions of the nursery activities, the type pre-arranging things during the proceeding activity, "the Pre-arranging Type" is recognized. We intend to prove, by case study and analysis, that "the Pre-arranging Type" is one of the well-grounded methods of nurture for children under three years of age. 2. We are to clarity the tact that "the Pre-arranging Type" nurture invites the specialization of the uses of a nursery space. And the next, we classify the specialization in to three types from the viewpoint of planning and examine the problems in each type. Conclusion 1. The most effective and least contradictory method of nurture is to pre-arrange things, not at the nursing conversions but during the proceeding activity. 2. This "Pre-arranging Type" require the space for the present activity and that for pre-arranging the next activity. In addition to these twe spaces, "a spare space" such as a waiting room is indispensable to carry out the conversions smoothly. 3. The planning of the nursery school is classified intothree types. The most specialized type which has dining, sleeping, playing, and spare spaces is the least contradictory one on planning of the babies room.

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A STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE : Part 5 A Proubing walk and a guide walk by a guideboard

SHIGEYUKI OKAZAKI, SATOSHI MATSUSHITA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 87-93
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_87

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This is a study of computer simulation model of a proubing walk and a guide walk displaying the pedestrian movement and the plan of building as pedestrian field on the Cathod Ray Tube. The pedestrian field is surrounded by polygonal line which is composed of vectors indicating walls. A node of two wall vectors, that is convex into the pedestrian field is a corner of pedestrian field. A pedestrian walks proubing the appropriate corner where he turns to walk to another appropriate corners until he finds his destination field unit. A guideboard, indicating the number of one of destination field units and the direction to the unit, helps a pedestrian to choose the appropriate corner. The model made the pedestrian movement in, the maze and movement in the station with guideboards possible.

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A STUDY ABOUT TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF DENSELY INHABITED DISTRICTS : Part I; The change of urban size and density

SHIGERU SATO, KOICHI TONUMA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 95-106
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_95

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In this study the transformation processes of urban sizes and densities from 1960 to 1975 are analized. For the purpose of this, we used census data about Densely Inhabited District (DID) "which is defided as an area within a shi, ku, machi or mura that is composed of a group of contiguous enumeration districts each of which has a population density of about 4000 inhabitants or more per square kilometer, and whose total population exceeds 5000 as of 1 October 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975." And DID's were originally established in each shi, ku, machi, mura. However, the contiguous DID's spreading over the boundary of shi, ku, machi, mura are counted as one contiguous DID in this study. So, Tokyo contiguous DID which is equal to Tokyo Metropolitan Area has 19.3 millions inhabitants and 1909 square kilometers. And we defined Urban Size Index which is product of DID's population and area. The findings are as following. i) There are remarkable differences among three periods from 1960 to 1975. In the first period (1960-1965), rapid urban growth had occured only in the three metropolitan areas, Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya. So we could name this period "the preparation period for next rapid expansion". And many DID's had rapid growth tendencies on size and declining tendencies on density all over the country in the second period. So we named this period "the rapid expanding period". The third period (1970-1975) is "the settling period", when the number of of the DID's that grew with resing tendencies on density had been increasing. We could characterize the three periods as This. ii) We found regional characteristics of urban growth in relation with these three periods. In general, urban growth power had been only in the three metropolitan areas in the first period, and it had expanded to the Middle Japan (Kanto, Chubu, Kinki Region) in the second periods. And we can point out that the power extended to the South Japan (Chugoku, Sikoku, Kyushyu Region) which includs the Coastal Area of the Inland Sea of Seto which forms a part of "Tokaido Belt Chitai (the Megalopolis of the Coastal Zone of the Pacific Ocean)" in the third period (1970-1975). But the urban growth power had never extended to the whole area in the North Japan (Hokkaido, Tohoku and Hokuriku Region) in even the third period. iii) The changing process of DID's size and density is affected by its size. Some of DID's whose Urban Size Index is 100000 (person・km^2) or less are growing rapidly and some of them have declining tendencies on their sizes. But the DID's whose Urban Size Index is 1000000 (person・km^2) or more have necessarily gradual growing tendencies.

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STUDY ON CONVERGENCIZATION OF FRONTAGE OF RESIDENTIAL LOT IN HISTORICALLY BUILT-UP AREA : Case Study In Kanazawa City

SHINGO TAMAKI, TATSUO KONDO

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 107-119
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_107

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This study aims to make clear the principle for improvement of residential space in historically built up area, or the decision factor for it, by analysing the formation process of residential areas. In studying the residential area, the size of residential lot is important, and so is the shape of it, too. Especially the frontage of residential lot is important factor. So, the analyses in this study pay attention to the frontage of residential lot as the key factor. The conclusions are as follows, 1. In built-up residential areas, the frontage of residential lot and the size of it have a characteristic converging range in each blocks. 2. Especially, the converging of lot frontage is steeper than that of lot size. This indicates that the lot frontage is more important as the decision factor for residential lot in historically built-up areas. 3. The typical converging range of lot frontage is 5〜6 meters wide. And the lot frontage has been gradually converging to 5〜6 meters wide in subdividing process of it. 4. The degrees of converging of lot frontage vary with the historical bases in each blocks and they are associated with the present social stratum, too. 5. The subdividing of residential lot breaks out in relatively wider lot frontages-more than 10 meter or 12 meter wide. So, the prediction for subdividing of redidential lot can be set up on the present conditions.

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STUDY ON THE PLANNING OF WHOLESALE MARKET Part 1 : Oualitative Analysis regarding Perishable Foodstuff's Circulation Controlled under Wholesale Market in view of Regional Character

AKIRA YAMAMOTO

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 121-127
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_121

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In this paper, I researched characteristic index of demand and supply which indicates the are aand supplying ratio regarding the circulation of fruits and vegetables controlled under wholesale market. First, using factor analysis, I clarified the differences in eight regional characters among one hundred cities in Japan. Secondly, I have found two factors correlated with the characteristic index, using multiple regression analysis. One is the accumlation of commerce and the other is the manner of employment influenced by manufacture. These two factors are useful for qualitative grasp on the subject of perishable foodstuff's circulation controlled under wholesale market.

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A STUDY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION OF DWELLING HOUSES IN A FISHING VILLAGE AND THE CHANGES IN THE STYLE OF LIVING : In the Case of a Fishing Hamlet in Okinoshima, Lake Biwa over the Last 20 Years

TOSHIO SHIOTANI, HIDEKAZU TSUKIGATA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 129-143
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_129

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This study covers the period before and after the "Living Reform" that took place during the days of high economic growth in the 1960's and deals chronologically with the changes in the architecture of houses and with the type of possessions of household goods in these houses. The aim of this study is to clarify the trend in the development of housing and in living behavior, when viewed from a materialistic point of view. This paper deals with the houses of a fishing hamlet in Okinoshima Island, Lake Biwa, where a chronological comparison of the style of living of individual families in their houses, involving delving into basic conditions, has become possible. A survey was carried out previously in August, 1958 by the office to which this author belongs, regarding the houses of the hamlet under study in this paper, exclusively with regard to the households and their houses. In the present follow-up study, the survey has been directed towards the fishing houses of the same hamlet as the "1958 Survey" for a chronological comparison of the two years, i. e., 1958 and 1977. The table of contents of this paper are : 1) Constitutional changes in the dwelling groupes in the two years referred to above. 2) Constitutional changes in the dwelling houses and their improvements. 3) Composition of living room and its use. 4) The daily use of household goods and changes in living style. 5) Possession of household goods and actual style of living. The living style of the families under survey through the two years referred to above, though improved considerably, conservatively retains the intrinsic "type of living style", indicating a tendency towards a gradual shift in the basic frame of a conventional way of life and composition of dwellings, triggered off by the need to expand the living areas due to the growth of the families as well as by the positive purchase of household goods. Viewed also from the point of view of the attributes of the houses and the possession of household goods, the houses and the mode of living in the fishing village under survey, are still in the process of transformation. The index that typifies the dwelling requirements still remains fluid and unsettled.

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J. M. OLBRICH UND DIE DARMSTADTER KUNSTLERKOLONIE : 2. TEIL : J. M. Olbrich und die Ausstellungen im Darmstadt

HAJIME OBATA

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 145-152
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_145

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Um die angewandte Kunst, die eigens das hessische Gewerbe zu neuen Leistungen anregen sollte, wieder zu beleben, fand 1901 in Darmstadt eine neuartige Ausstellung auf der Mathildenhohe, einem ehemaligen groβherzoglichen Park, statt. Man sah die Ausstellung als ein Dokument deutscher Kunst. Aber nach der Offnung der Ausstellung kamen oft heftige Kritiken : man sah sie z. B. als "Personlichkeitsdokumente". Das Ganze war schlieβlich auch ein finanzieller Miβerfolg. In dem ersten Teil dieses Aufsatzes wurden die idealistischen Hoffnungen des Volkes vor Ausstellung 1901 erklart. Dieser zweite Teil behandelt die realistischen Forderungen nach der Ausstellung, d. h. die volkswirtschaftlichen und politischen Hintergrunde, und den Unterschied zwischen "Haus Olbrich" und "Haus Behrens", dem ersten Bau von Peter Behrens als Architekt. Ferner wird eingegangen auf andere Ausstellungsbauten Olbrichs, die er bis zu seinem Tode im Jahre 1908 in Darmstadt errichtet hatte, namlich die Dreihausergruppe (1904), den Hochzeitsturm, die Ausstellungshalle und das Haus Opel (1908). Mit wenigen Worten wird auch die letzte Ausstellung in Darmstadt, die im Jahre 1914 stattfand, eingegangen. Zum Schluβ wird verdeutlicht, wie die Groβherzogs Idee, als Mazen und Herrscher die Ausstellungen von 1901〜1914 zu initiieren, realisiert wurde und wie schlieβlich sein Einfluβ auf die Kunstlerkolonie war.

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GENEALOGIE DER ARCHITEKTUR=RAUM=THEORIE UND IHRE FRUCHTE (IV) : Genealogie der Architektur=Raum=Theorie : Die dritte Phase (1940-1980)

Yuji Agematsu

Article type: Article
1981 Volume 302 Pages 153-162
Published: April 30, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.302.0_153

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