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Article type: Cover
1978Volume 264 Pages
Cover1-
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Article type: Cover
1978Volume 264 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1978Volume 264 Pages
App1-
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Article type: Index
1978Volume 264 Pages
Toc1-
Published: February 28, 1978
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Article type: Appendix
1978Volume 264 Pages
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Published: February 28, 1978
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MICHIO KOIKE, KYOJI TANAKA, TAKASHI TOMIITA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
1-11
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The Strains in multi-ply fully bonded membranes were analyzed being based on the theory of elasticity, and a simultaneous differential equation was obtained in the previous paper. This paper is in advance of the previous one and deals with strains in multi-ply membranes in the following cases; (1) fully bonded membranes are partly ruptured, and (2) membranes are partly loose laid over the joint of substrate. Partly ruptured membranes such as the former case are sometimes discovered in actual roofs, and the differential equation in the previous paper can be applied in this case except the boundary conditions at the joint of substrate. The method of partly loose laying membranes over the joint of substrate, as the latter case, is often used in roofs constructed with prefabricated roof planks. In this case, a new differential equation is obtaind for strains in loosed membranes, and the equation in the previous paper can be also applied for fully bonded membranes. Both equations are combined with boundary and series conditions, then all integral constants are determined and strains induced in each membrane can be obtained.
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KAZUNOBU HIRAI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
13-19
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper describes the effects of the rate of cooling on acceleration of frost damage of mortars. Nine river sand mortars, three cement pastes and one standard sand mortar were used to laboratory freezing and thawing tests. The rate of cooling of freezing and thawing was prepared at six levels from 0.09c/min to 0.41c/min. The results obtained are summarized as follows, (1) On the mortar specimens, there are specific value of the rate of cooling which give a maximum value of the acceleration of frost damage. (2) The degree of acceleration of frost damage is affected by the number of freezing and thawing cycles. (3) On the cement paste specimens, the phenomena of acceleration are different from the mortar specimens, and these are affected by the water cement ratio of cement paste.
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MORIHISA FUJIMOTO, TAKESHI OHKUMA, HISANOBU AKAGI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
21-29
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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A numerical method of two-dimensional time-dependent problem concerning turbulent flow at large Reynolds numbers, which was suggested in previous paper (No.2), is applied to wind flow and wind pressure field around a square cylinder at various angles of attack. The method is the solution of a finite-difference approximation to the governing equations of an incompressible viscous fluid flow, with subgrid scale nonlinear effects represented as a function of space-mean motion by Smagorinsky-Deardorff method. The results of computation are in generally agreement with the experimental data in the past, and it becomes clear that careful consideration about the gride scale is necessary for the representation of detailed problems, for example, pressure at the front corner of side face of side face of a square obstacles.
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ISAMU KAMEI, EIZO MARUTA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
31-40
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In this study, it has become very important subject that how predict the roughness parameters of wind profile and how simulate them in wind tunnel. So, we used the parameter of roughness density as a measure which classified the category of a terrain, and discussed the possibility and the reasonability for the prediction of roughness parameters, ie power law exponent α, boundary layer thickness Z_g, roughness length Z_0 and surface friction drag coefficient k. Furthermore, we discussed the influence to strong wind phenomena around tall building induced by the different roughness density in urban area. The results may be summarized as follows : 1. The relation of roughness parameter to roughness density is represented by equation (10), (11), (12) and (16). And the simulation of an adiabatic urban boundary layer in wind tunnel was satisfied to a certain extent. 2. It was found that the high wind and its region occured around tall building are influenced by different terrain. And it became evident that the more the wind speed near the building become stronger the more the gradient of wind velocity profile increase, saying it differently the more become to urban area.
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YASUYUKI ARAI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
41-49
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In this paper, some attempts in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall-frame systems by the finite element procedure are presented and the applicability of the proposed methods is discussed using several examples of numerical computations on existing experimental test results. The introduced attempts in the analysis are as follows ; 1) The biaxial stresses of concrete is determined as a function of principal strain in a state of plane stress on the basis of the experimental data by Kupfer, Hilsdorf and Rusch (1). From the derived biaxial stress-strain relations, a solution of nonlinear equations of equilibrium in finite element analysis is obtained by employing a iteration method. 2) The concrete between cracks is still capable of carrying tensile stresses because of the bond between steel and concrete, so that the reinforcing bars are restrained by cracked concrete. By taking account of this restraint effect, the stiffness of the steel reinforcement in cracked zone of the concrete is changed according to the amount of the average steel strain. The proposed method of analysis appears to result in fairly good estimations of nonlinear load-deflection relations of shear wall-frame systems until the range of about 90% of their ultimate strength in comparison with the test results. However, in order to obtain better agreement between analyses and experiments, it should be necessary to make clear the physical conditions of stress transference and relative displacement along the cracks of concrete.
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KUNIAKI UDAGAWA, KOICHI TAKANASHI, HISASHI TANAKA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
51-59
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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Among various patterns of failures of the steel structures subjected to cyclic loadings, the following two behaviors are emphasized. 1) Strength deterioration of a structure or its members due to an excessive deformation. 2) Fracture of members caused by low cycle plastic fatigue. In order to avoid the above failures and also evaluate the damage of the structure by various external forces, it is required to investigate quantitatively the capacity of energy absorption as well as the restoring force characteristics of structures or its members under cyclic loadings. This series of tests intends to reveal experimentally restoring force characteristics of H-Shaped steel beams under cyclic and reversed loadings, particularly of the beams with the specified sizes which are expected to failure due to local and lateral bucklings. The content of this experiment comprises four items; 1) To get a critical deflection amplitude in constant deflection amplitude cyclic loadings, up to which load-deflection hysteresis loops are stable. This critical deflection depends on various ratios of deflection amplitudes, lateral bracing spacings, material properties, and section properties of the beams. 2) To represent stable hysteresis loops in mathematical expressions deriving from experimental data. 3) To inquire into the relation between a maximum deflection amplitude and strength deterioration when beams are cycled by a random deflection. 4) To obtain the relation between strength deterioration and deflection amplitude in various ratios of deflection amplitudes in the range where hysteresis loops become unstable under constant deflection amplitude cyclic tests. Based on the results, to evaluate strength deterioration of beams subjected to random deflections. In these experiments, only a half of a beam was tested, since the stress state of a beam can be supposed as shown in Fig. 1 in the case that a structure has columns with higher stiffness and strength than those of beams. 1) and 2) are given in Part I, and 3) and 4) in Part II.
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BEN KATO, HIROSHI AKIYAMA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
61-71
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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An analytical method for evaluating the effect of flexural torsional buckling on the inelastic behavior of H-shaped steel beam-columns which are subjected to axial compression and strong-axis bending was presented. A H-shaped column can be considered to be composed of two T-shaped columns halved by the centroid-axis of the H-shaped column. Basic equations of equilibrium of those T-shaped columns in the post-buckling state were derived and rigidities which correspond to each plastic state were definitely expressed in terms of deflection due to buckling. Two methods for numerical integration of the basic equations were introduced; the approximate method and the exact method. The approximate method can give almost same results as the exact does. Analytical results were compared with a series of test results and good agreement between them was ascertained.
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MORIHISA FUJIMOTO, NOBUHIRO SATOH, NOBUKADO MATSUTSUKA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
73-82
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The purpose of the paper is to investigate the effect of the out of plane stiffness of the column flange on the strain concentration of beam-to-column connections in steel structures under increasing alternative loading. The test specimens are H-TYPE (the shape of the column cross section is H), and are small-scale ones. They are manufactured by machineworks from the rolled steel plate (thickness; 65 mm, SS 41). The specimens are made so as to represent the part of the beam flange without stiffening plates. The increasing alternative load is subjected to the end of the beam flange. Strain and displacement in the plastic region of the beam flange are calculated by MOIRE analysis. The characteristics of the strain concentration of beam-to-column connections are influenced considerably by the characteristics of the plastic out of plane deflection of the column flange. In regard to the beam flange of beam-to-column connections which did not generate the plastic out of plane deflection of the column flange, summary of the results are shown below. (1) The amplitude of the strain at the end of the joint is larger than the amplitude of the strain at the middle of the joint. (2) In regard to the strain distribution from which subtract the initial residual strain at every loop, the reversal of the strain concentration occurs. (3) When the stress surpasses the past largest range, the strain concentration ratio increases rapidly. (4) Mean stress-mean strain relations at the beam flange near the joint to the column flange are almost equal to material stress-strain relations. (5) Elastic strain distribution and plastic strain distribution are almost independent. These distributions are approximated by parabola. (6) The elastic strain concentration ratios are constant.
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TEISUKE SUEOKA, SHIGEYA KAWAMATA, KAZUMA KAWANO
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
83-90
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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MASAMICHI ENAI, NOBORU ARATANI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
91-98
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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In Hokkaido, most of houses are heated partially and intermittently by using a stove (semi-radiation type). The authors measured the room air temperature of such houses during the heating season, and studied on the controlled room air temperature and the living way affected by the thickness of thermal insulation and type of heating system. The purposes of these reports (part-1, 2 and 3) are to point out from those results what kind of changes shall be brought on the room air temperature and the usage of heating according to the improvement of insulation in the future. In this report, the varying patterns of the temperature at the ceiling θ_c and of the floor level θ_f are mainly discussed. In the case of the partial and intermittent heating by using a stove, the temperature difference of those two levels and those varying patterns change according to the fall of outdoor temperature. For example in the early season of heating, the varying patterns of θ_c are high in the morning and low in the evening, and those of θ_f are flat in the daytime. In this case, the room air temperature increases easily and sufficiently because it dose not get so cold yet and the radiation from a stove dose not become so strong to the living space. And in every house during the coldest season, the varying patterns of both θ_c and θ_f are generally low in the morning and high in the evening. But with supplying a little heat at night or with reducing some heated rooms, those varying patterns become like the patterns in the early season of heating. The reason is supposed as follows. In the coldest season, as the temperature at night becomes so low, more heat supply is required in the morning, the sufficient warmth is not obtained by room air temperature but by only the direct radiation from a stove. And the supplying a little heat at night or the reducing some heated rooms is the response of living to the coldness existing the adjoining rooms or at the floor level, these patterns are supposed to be the results of the response to keep the human body suitably warm.
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Takao TSUCHIYA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
99-106
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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TETSUO SEGUCHI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
107-115
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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We applied following approaches to the categorization of design words. 1. Frequency of use 2. Use pattern 3. Frequency of use and Use pattern 4. Sphere of use A few particularities of the design word on design processes were found by them. For instance, usages of design words was biased. Only 20% of words ocuppied the greater part of use. It seemed that 4th approach was closely related with design process. So, Design words was fully categorized by 4th approach. The design word was composed of the basic word and the characteristic word. The basic word was small in number but was many in use. The characteristic word was many in number but was small in use. The basic word played the role of a scale and a vehicle for the basic concept and so on. The other hand, the characteristic word was affected by [Material for speech] [Scene] and [Subject]. It showed the caracteristic of design processes. It is important for the analysis of design process to tell two things apart and to make sure of the peculiarity of two things.
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RINTARO KAWAMICHI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
117-126
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The aim of present study is to examine the effects of density on human interpersonal relationships in daily-life settings. It was designed to explore relationships between the density and the children's friend-formation in residential areas. An investigation was conducted about children's friends and their play after school at primary schools in high density areas. The subjects were boys and girls aged 10 and 11. The density was measured by using the area of a housing block and a school district as the denominater respectively. The friend-formation was intended to be grasped through three elements; the number of friends, the friends' composition on school year and their geographical distribution. Children's play was measured through two aspects of time and place. In this first paper several items were examined before beginning the discussion of relations between the area's density and the children's friend-formation. Their items were concerned with several non-physical factors, the housing type and the crowding in dwellings. As a result of their examinations it was found that there were differences in the friend-formation between male and female and between participants and non-participants in the activities of community-group and that there were scarcely connected with the housing type and the crowding in dwellings.
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KEIKO TAKANASI
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
127-138
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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This paper describes the urban formation structure of 201 densely inhabited districts in Southern Kanto district in 1970. The results with Multivariate Technique are as follows : 1. 5 typical urban formation types unaffected by direction. 2. 7 typical urban formation types affected by direction. 3. The specific directions in Southern Kanto district are 300°〜315°, 135°〜140°, 85°〜110°, 200°〜225°, and 250°〜265°. Parameters affected by the direction in 85°〜110°and 200°〜225°are entropy, area and the share of densely inhabited districts in each municipality. 4. Generally, the formation entropy enlarged by metamorphoses in 5 years between 1965 and 1970.
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SHINGO TAMAKI, HIROSHI SUZUKI, NAOFUMI ODA
Article type: Article
1978Volume 264 Pages
139-149
Published: February 28, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: August 22, 2017
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The relation between housing demand and housing supply varies with different regions which are under the different stages of urbanization. In this paper it is tried to systematize the structure of the housing supply in relation with the region's stage of urbanization. With this purpose, it is recognized that there are some definite relations between the urbanization and the housing supply. They are concluded as follows, 1) There are mainly two types for the supply of the owned houses. Those are "Newly constructions" and "Purchased ready-built". In the case of the former, they are supplied in proportion to the progress of urbanization. But after exceeding an appointed stage of urbanization, they don't almost go up further. On the contrary, in the case of the latter, the way to be supplied with the progress of urbanization is accelerated in excess of this appointed stage of that. What is more, in urbanized regions, the latter occupies fairly higher percentages in the housing supply in comparison with the former. 2) The supply of "Rebuilt" is related to a stock of houses in the regions. Namely, the extent to which "Rebuilt" generate from the owned house's stock in the regions is roughly constant at all regions on the whole, but there is a difference between the East Japan and the West Japan. The East Japan's is higher than the West Japan's. 3) As the result on analysing the structure of housing supply, it becomes clear that the modelization on the structure of housing supply is possible. Namely, the ratio of "Purchased ready-built" in the owned house supply continues to increase till attaining a certain stage of urbanization, but the other side, "Newly constructions" and "Rebuilt" are decreasing. On the other hand, after exceeding a certain stage of urbanization, the ratio of "Rebuilt" begins to increase.
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