1. A study on the effects of various nutrient levels, especially excess level of nitrogen, upon the seasonal nutrient absorption by tomato plants and the growth response was undertaken in water culture from June 17 to September 9, 1953.
2. Uniform Marglobe tomatoes, at the seven leaf stage, were transplanted to the 35l glazed earthenware pots. During the season, the nutrient solution was aerated by bubbling method continu-ously, and was renewed every week. At the same time, chemical analysis of the nutrient solution and the measurement of plant growth were performed.
3. The following levels of the nutrient solu-tion were used: nitrogen levels 50, 100, 200 and 400 p.p.m. Standard level (treatment N in series A) was N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S: 100, 20, 80, 70, 25 and 33 p. p. m. respectively. In other treat-ments in series A, all the nutrient levels were varied in proportion to the nitrogen level. In series B, the nitrogen levels were changed such as 50, 100, 200 and 400 p.p.m. and the other elements were always provided in constant proportion. pH of the solution was adjusted to 5.6-5.8.
4. In the 50, 100 and 200p.p.m. nitrogen plots, nitrogen absorption process were nearly similar: increased gradually until the third clusters are going to bloom, afterwards the increase and de-crease of the absorption continued alternately without great change to the end of season. How-ever, in the 400 p.p.m. nitrogen plot, nitrogen absorption was quite different from that of the lower levels. Amount of absorbed nitrogen was very large in early growing season and this ab-sorption continued to early August, but thereafter decreased. Thus, nitrogen absorption of the 400 p.p.m. nitrogen plot seemed to have been always excessive luxury.
5. The absorption process of phosphorus was analogus to that of nitrogen.
6. The absorption process of potassium was also analogus to that of nitrogen. However, in high nitrogen and low potassium level (N 400 p.p.m., K 80 p.p.m. ), potassium absorption increased up to late July, and then decreased rapidly.
7. Amount of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption increased as these elements increased in the culture solution, there were no effects of the other elements upon their absorption. Potassium absortion depends upon the level of applied potassium in the 200 p.p.m. nitrogen plot, but the absorption was controlled in the 400 p.p.m. nitro-gen plot, especially reduced in the 400 p.p.m. N, 80 p.p.m. K plot (N:K=5:1). Thus, the potassium absorption was affected not only by the level of potassium in the nutrient solution, but also by the level of nitrogen and the ratio of N/K.
8. The absorption process of water was proportional to variation of atmospheric temperature.
9. Growth and fruiting behavior of plants in all the treatments were normal as the field condition. When the nitrogen level was excessive, excessive symptoms such as vigorous vegetative growth, delaying of anthesis and unfruitness were not occured.
10. There were not always constant tendency between inorganic constituents in the leaves and amount of nutrient absorption from the solution by plants.

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In those several years, vegetable crops production in Fujimi-mura and Showa-mura near Kofu, Yamanashi Prefecture has been threatened by a nutritional disorder, which seemed to be magnesium deficiency. The authors surveyed the symptoms and distribution of the disorder in vegetable crops in the area and attempted to elucidate its cause by chemical analysis of plants and soils.
The disorder was found in many sorts of vegetable, such as tomatoes, egg-plants, peppers, cucumbers, melons, snap beans, radishes, chinese ca-bbages and leafy brassicas. Fruit trees and field crops also suffered from similar disorder in this area. The general symptoms were chlorosis of in-terveinal portions of lower leaves, subsequent ne-crosis of the chlorotic area, and in some crops premature defoliation. Yields were markedly reduced in severe cases. Those symptoms were very similar to the symtoms of magnesium deficiency artificially induced in sand culture in our laboratory or reported by other investigators. Further-more, low magnesium content in the affected tomato and egg-plant leaves, and low exchangeable
magnesium content in the soils, proved that the disorder was due to magnesium deficiency.
Mg content was 0.35% or less in the affected tomato leaves, and was 0.25% or less in the affect-ed egg-plant leaves.
Soils in the area were sandy, or gravelly and were very low in clay and organic matter content. Soil pH was from 5.09 to 7.95. Exchangeable capacities were generally low: most of them were 5_??_7m.e., but some of them were below 5m. e. per 100g soil. Exchangeable magnesium contents of deficient soils were less than 0.5m.e. per 100g soil. No case of magnesium deficiency due to high level of potassium was found. From those results, it was clear that the magnesium deficiency of the vegetable crops in this area was due to low content of available magnesium in the soil.
As control measures, soil and foliar applications of magnesium compounds were discussed.
There were differences among vegetable crops in susceptibility to magnesium deficiency. Furthermore, varietal difference was found in resistance to the disorder in some crops.

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1. Investigations were carried out on the influence of oxygen tension in the soil on the growth and uptake of nutrients of tomatoes, cucumbers, and egg-plants.
2. Tomato plants died when the soil was aerated with mixtures containing 2 percent oxygen. When the pressure of oxygen was low, the peti-oles of tomatoes drooped and numerous adventitious roots were found to grow on the stem up to the middle of it. No significant difference was found in the growth of tomato plants on the soil which was aerated with mixtures containing 10 percent oxygen compared to that of the same on the soil containing 20 percent oxygen.
3. Cucumbers remained alive even on the soil aerated with air which contained very little oxygen. But the growth of the plants were the greatest on the soil with 20 percent oxygen.
4. Egg-plants continued their growth on the soil which contained only a small quantity of oxygen. And no difference was found between the growth of them on the soil with 10 percent of it, and with 20 percent, but the growth of the leaves was found greater on the soil with 10 percent-oxygen than that on the soil with 20 percent of it.
5. Similar tendency of influence of oxygen tension in the soil was observed about the absorption of water as well as the growth of plants.
6. The concentration of nitrogen in the leaves .of these fruit crops grown on the soil aerated with mixtures containing 0 or 2 percent oxygen was less tha.i that of plants aerated with 5, 10, or 20 percent oxygen. But there was observed no difference of concentration of nitrogen in the
leaves among the plants aerated with mixtures containing 5, 10, or 20 percent oxygen.
The concentration of nitrogen in the stems of cucumbers and egg-plants was enhanced by increasing oxygen in the soil, but the contrary tendency was found in the stems of tomatoes.
7. The concentration of phosphate and potassium in the plants was affected remarkably by the aeration of the soil; it became high according to the increase of the oxygen tension in the soil. And the tendency was greater in cucumbers than in others.
8. The amounts of phosphate and potassium absorbed by the plants were intensified according to the increase of the oxygen in the soil atmosphere. And a remarkable decrease of them was found in the plants grown in the mixtures containing oxygen below 5 percent.
The uptake of nitrogen by these fruit crops decreased very much on the soil aerated with mix-tures containing 2 percent oxygen compared to that in the case of 5, 10 or 20 percent oxygen. But there was no significant difference among toma-toes which were grown on the soil aerated with 5, 10, or 20 percent oxygen respectively, neither was there any difference between egg-plants grown on the soil containing 10 and 20 percent oxygen. And some of the plants which were grown on the soil 10 percent oxygen absorbed more nitrogen than those grown on the soil containing 20 percent oxygen.
In the tomatoes, nitrogen absorbed by them at low oxygen pressure was gathered chiefly in the stems.

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The author has studied on the searonal changes in water contents and in some physico-chemical properties (refractive index, osmotic concentration, specific electric conductance, and relative viscosity) of the expressed sap of Allium fistulosum, and also on the cause of cold resistance inthis plant.
The change in water contents in the tissues of green portion and white portion of the plant are parallel with the variations in air temperature during the winter season.
It is apparent that the change in water contents is closely concerned with the measured value on the physico-chemical properties of cell sap of the tissues, because of the fact that the increase in refractive index and osmotic concentration in winter season is owing to the water loss from the tissue in that season.
Examining the change in corrected concentration index (the concentrations of the expressed sap from which the changes in the figure for the concentration caused by the changes in water content of the plant are eliminated), indicated that the water soluble materials accumlate in the plant during winter season. The seasonal changes which are similar to that in the corrected concen-tration' index are also observed in the corrected indices of osmotic concentration and in the relative viscosity.
It is observed also that the seasonal change in refractive index is associated with that in osmotic concentration, but the variations of the former index is greater than that of the latter in winter season. This fact seems to be due to the fact that the non-osmotically active materials are accumu-lated in considerable quantity in winter season.
It is expected that increased viscosity in the cell sap in winter decreases the velocity of the ion movement. Nevertheless, the increases both of the specific conductance and of the relative viscosity are found in winter season. It seems to indicate that in winter months the electrolytic ions accumlate remarkably in the plant.
From the observations mentioned above, the author has presumed that the increase in resistance of this plant to cold may be due to the increase in viscid materials and electrolytic ions within cells.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the auxin level in the cucumber plant might be responsible for or associated with the sex expression of the flower.
To control the auxin level of the plant, 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2, 4-D), in doleacetic acid (IAA), naph-thaleneacetic acid (NAA), and maleic hydrazide (MH-30) spray were applied.
Spraying with growth substances was begun when the cotyldon expanded fully and repeated at 4 days interval for 30 days in the cold bed. The concentration of each substances used were as follows: TIBA at 10 ppm, MH-30 at 100 ppm, 2, 4-D at 5 ppm, IAA at 30, 100, 250 and 500 ppm, and NAA at 0.2 and 10 ppm.
These growth substances, all retarded the plant growth.
Male flower formation was unaffected by TIBA, but retarded by 2, 4-D, IAA and NAA. Female flower formation was slightly retarded by TIBA, but accelerated by 2, 4-D, IAA and NAA. NAA was found to be most effective for the sex control.
The sprayings with the growth substances always restrict the plant growth. The results with NAA treatments show that the sex reversion thoroughly associates with the growth retardation. The re-sult with TIBA, however, show that the sex reversion does not always follow the trend of the growth retardation.

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Since 1953, the authors have been studying on -the mode of coloring with a number of colored varieties of turnips grown in Japan. The present paper deals with the survey of anthocyan of colored turnips, using the paper chromatographic method.
1. Up to present, the results have shown that the colored varieties of turnip in Japan are classified into two groups, viz., cyanin group (redish purple_??_grayish purple) and pelargonin group (red group). And it was found that the essential anthocyan component of the former was nothing other than, cyanin (cyanidin 3:5 diglucoside), and the component of the latter, pelargonin (pelargonidin 3:5 diglucoside).
On the chromatogram obtained from the crude anthocyan extract, we observed two colored features, of which one is free anthocyan, the other is a derivative of anthocyan, probably associated with an unknown organic acid. (It is obvious that it is malonic acid in the case of cyanin.)
2. We could not detect the difference of anthocyan component within the varieties of each group, judging from the features on the chromatogram. The same fact could be said as for the parts of organs (hypocotyl, stem and leaf, and root), and also, in each stage of plant growth.

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1. In the present study, the author investigated the development of the so-called “yuzuhada” disorder of the fruit of Nijisseiki pear trees, with reference to daily change of fruit growth accom-panied by a deficiency of water in leaves due to natural and artificial aridity of soil at a certain growing period.
2. The degree of water deficiency in leaves as expressed in the percentage of saturated water content minus water content at a certain time of a day was always higher in the disordered trees than in the healthy trees, and this tendency was also found even when irrigated.
3. The disordered trees always exceeded the healthy trees in the osmotic pressure of leaves, and this relation was also the same with the difference of the osmotic pressure between leaves and fruits, the value of which by the disordered
trees often reaching to more than five atm. at 6 p. m. on a hot dry summer day.
4. During the period from May to August, when the soil was kept arid, the treated at the end of June or July, produced the disordered fruit and the damage was more conspicuous in the July case.
5. In the daily change of growth, the fruits which would suffer from “yuzuhada”, coincided with the fruits which were of artificial water deficiency. Consequently, it seems that “yuzuhada” would develop as the result of the abnormal shrinkage due to the natural water deficiency in the tissue.
6. Nijisseiki pear grafted on Pyrus betulaefolia got less “yuzuhada” disorder than those on P. serotina, but even the former also were damaged when dried for a long period in summer.

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1. The author, in an effort to know how the solution absorbed by certain roots of fruit-trees will pass through what part of the trunk to what part of the leafage, has made clear the translocation of the solution by letting the roots absorb various pigments.
2. The pigment solution absorbed by individual roots goes up the trunk along its own way to respective branches and never mixes up together within the trunk. However, it is possible for various pigments absorbed by several roots to run up into a single branch.
3. In the case of the pigment absorbed by a single root running up into a single branch and still having a surplus, that surplus goes farther up to be distributed to other branches. In other words, the absorbed food, according to its quantity, can afford to circulate itself through a few or several branches, both upper and lower.
4. Investigations on the relationship between the roots and branches in absorbing food have revealed the fact that the larger the root the more vigorous is the growth of the branch related to the root.
5. Next, with regards to the relationship between the length, thickness, and angle of a branch and the speed of upward translocation of food, the author obtained as following results:
(1) The speed of translocation of pigment is faster in the longer branch.
(2) The speed of absorbing pigment is remarkably faster in the thicker branch than in the thinner.
(3) The angle against the perpendicular line where a branch bifurcates has considerable relation to the speed of pigment translocation; namely, the speed is rapid when the bifurcation angle is small while, on the contrary, it is slow when the angle is large.
6. In order to ascertain the effects the cutting off branches on pigment translocation, the author made pigment absorbed by (1) a single branch cut short and (2) a branch two years old, having several laterals with some of the shoots cut off, and revealed pigment translocation becoming remarkably slow in both cases.
7. About the effects on pigment translocation, of three different prunning types, namely, (1) non-pruning (2) thinning out and (3) heading back, the results are as follows.
The branches under thinnig out and heading back process, compared with non-prunned branch, are remarkably slower in pigment translocation, their speed being less than half, the quantity absorbed being smaller by about 1/3, than the non-pruned branch. Next, when a comparison was made between the branch under thinning out process and that under heading back process, the author discovered that they were almost similar in the total length and quantity of pigment translocation, but close observations have revealed the fact that the branch under thinning out process is slightly larger in pigment translocation than the branch under heading back process, while the quantity distributed in each shoot or twig is not so equalized as heading back.

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The purpose of this study was to ascertain the varietal differences in response to breaking the dormancy of the gladiolus corms by the temperature treatment, and to determine the growth and inhibiting substances present in the gladiolus bud by the method of paper chromatography, followed by the Avena bioassay as reported by LUCKWILL.
The varieties used for experiments were Gover-nor Pincot, Hector, Red Charm, Snow Princess, Spotlight and Valeria in 1954, and Atom, Bo Peep, Jonquill, June Day, and White Gold in 1955.
The corms were planted at Oshima Experimental Farm in early February in both years. On the 6th and 30 th of August the corms were dug, and were treated by the high temperature (35°C) for 10 or 15 days followed by the cold storage (0°C) for 10 or 15 days in 1954. In 1955, on August 6th and September 5 th the corms were dug, and were placed in a thermostat 35°C for 10 days followed by 2°C storage.
After the temperature treatment, the sprouting percentage was observed, and the growth and inhibiting substances of Bo Peep corms at planting and sprouting times were determined by the chromatography and the Avena test.
The results of the present study are summarized as follows
1) The percentage of the sprouting of early-dug corms was lower than that of late-dug corms, but early-dug Governor Pincot sprouted exceptionally high and early. June Day responded similarly but its percentage was not high as Governor Pincot.
2) In all experiments, with every varieties, treatment at 35°C for 10 days followed by cold storage for 10 or 15 days appeared to have the largest effect for breaking dormancy.
3) The extraction of growth and inhibiting substances from gladiolus corms into two fractions, neutral and acidic, was carried out by the method which is indicated in Fig. 1.
4) Results obtained from the acidic and neutral fractions of corm extracts taken at three dates from the time of planting to the time of sprouting are shown in the histograms (Fig. 2 and 3).
5) The inhibitor was found in acidic and neutral fractions of samples taken up on Oct. 25 th, at the time of sprouting.
On the contrary, the growth substance appeared in acidic and neutral fractions of treated corms of samples taken on Nov. 29th.

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