Journal of the Japan Diabetes Society
Online ISSN : 1881-588X
Print ISSN : 0021-437X
ISSN-L : 0021-437X
Volume 27, Issue 4
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • Koichi Kawai, Kamejiro Yamashita
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 475-480
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The metabolic late of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin was studied using isolated perfused canine pancreas. When 6.7nCi/min of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin (specific activity, 750μCi/μg) was perfused with or without cold cyclic somatostatin (4ng/ml and 400ng/ml), the recovery of total radioactivity in the venous effluent was the same under the three conditions (ca.75%).The recovery of radioactivity precipitated with 10% trichloracetic acid was 43.5%(without cold somatostatin), 41.8%(with 4ng /ml of cold somatostatin) and 49.3%(with 100 ng/ml of cold somatostatin);the values were significantly increased by the addition of cold somatostatin.The ratio of TCA-precipitable radioactivity to the total radioactivity in the venous effluent was 36.9% in the first 1 min, that of pre-perfusion was 56.1%, and gradually decreased during the perfusion.125I-Tyr11-sontatostatin was not degraded by the effluent perfusate.These data suggest that somatostatin is very efficiently degraded by the pancreas via two different processes: instantaneous degradation without uptake, and gradual degradation after its uptake.
    The high capacity of the pancreas in somatostatin metablism was also confirmed in experiments, where 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin was injected into rats front the femoral artery with or without 2 mg of cold cyclic somatostatin. The specific uptake of radioactivity by the pancreas, which. was estimated from the difference in radioactivities in tissues removed 5 min after the injection in the absence and presence of cold somatostatin, was three times higher than that of the stomach, small intestine and liver.
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  • Hiroshi Sekimoto, Osafumi Shimada, Osamu Katayama, Masato Nakanishi, T ...
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 481-487
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The urinary excretion of polyols was determined in order to examine the metabolism of polyols in diabetic patients with complications.
    One-hour morning urinary samples after overnight fasting were collected from 8 normal healthy subjects, 5 diabetic patients without complications and 9 diabetic patients with complications. The urine was desalted and glucose was removed as osazone.Polyols were isolated on a QAE-Sephadex column and then trimethylsilylated or acetylated for gas-liquid chromatography. By this method, the interference of large amounts of urinary glucose in the determination of polyols was eliminated. In healthy subjects, the percentages of excretion of tetritol (erythritol, threitol), pentitol (ribitol, arabinitol, xylitol) and hexitol (mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, myoinositol) were 41.7%, 34.8% and 23.5% of the total polyols, respectively. In diabetic patiens who were under good control by treatment with insulin, the excretion pattern of polyols was similar to that of the healthy subjects.In contrast, in diabetic patients with severe complications of cataract, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy, the excretions of erythritol, ribitol and arabinitol were lower and those of mannitol and myoinositol were higher than in the healthy subjects, although the excretions of sorbitol and galactitol were unchanged.
    These results suggest that the abnormal metabolism of glucose in diabetes may affect not only the metabolism of sorbitol but also that of other polyols.
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  • Discrimination between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Damage
    Noboru Oikawa
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 489-495
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To analyze the regulatory mechanism of autonomic nerves on heart rate (HR) variations, pharmacological experiments were performed in 8 normal subjects.HR variations were measured with Goto's instantaneous-HR-change continuous recorder.As indices of HR variation, the standard deviation of HR in 150 consecutive HR in the supine position (SD of HR), the mean difference between maximal and minimal HR during deep breathing (I-E difference) and the HR increase on standing (ΔHRmax) were evaluated. HR variations were recorded in three experiments before and after the administration of autonomic drugs.Exp. 1: during isoproterenol (Isop., 0.66 ug/min), the SD of HR and I-E difference were reduced compared with those during saline. Exp.2: afteradministration of atropine (At., 40μg/kg iv), the SD of HR and I-E difference were almost completely abolished. However, no significant difference in ΔHRmax was found compared to the control in spite of a reduction in ΔHRmax. With additional propranolol (Prop.10 mg iv)μHRmax was remarkably reduced. Exp.3: Prop. (10 mg iv) alone did not affect the SD of HR and I-E difference, but ΔHRmax was significantly reduced compared to thc control.
    The present results demonstrate that the respiratory HR variations in the supine resting position were predominatly affected by parasympathetic function.On the other hand, the HR response to standing was affected by both sympathetic and parasympathetic function, particularly sympathetic function. By using these HR variation tests, it is considered possible to detect sympathetic or parasympathetic damage separately.
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  • Yasuhiko Iwamoto
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 497-505
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Insulin binding 2-deoxyglucose uptake, and glucose oxidation were investigated using isolated adipocytes from rats fed a high fat (42.5%) diet (high fat diet rats) for 7 days, and those from rats fed normal laboratory chow (fat 4.5%).
    In the adipocytes from high fat diet rats, insulin binding was decreased, and this decrease was caused by a decrease in receptor number.Insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake was decreased in the adipocytes from high fat diet rats.When the amount of 2-deoxyglucose uptake was plotted as a function of the amount of insulin bound, the curves from both groups were almost superimposable, suggesting that a coupling defect does not exist between receptor binding and the glucose uptake system in adipocytes from high fat diet rats.Glucose oxidation in the presence of various concentrations of insulin was decreased, and the dose-response curve of insulin for stimulation of glucose oxidation was shifted to the right in the adipocytes from high fat diet rats.
    These abnormalities both at receptor and at post-receptor level play a causative role in the glucose intolerance observed in high fat diet rats.
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  • Taro Wasada, Hiroshi Ono, Yasuhiro Sako, Jun Watanabe, Fumio Umeda, Hi ...
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 507-514
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Autonomic neuropathy (AN) in diabetics was evaluated on the basis of variations in heart rate (HR) during deep breathing, and the renin-aldosterone system was assessed as a function of the severity of AN.
    Mean ΔHR, a widely used index, sometimes showed an abnormally low value in normal controls, so that MaxΔHR rather than McanΔHR was employed in this study by defining 10 beats/min as a lower normal limit.MaxΔHR decreased in anage-dependent manner.The MaxΔHR/HR ratio, however, tended to belower in diabetics than in the correspondingly aged non-diabetics, suggesting this might be usefUI for evaluating AN in aged diabetics.MaxΔHR correlated well with both the motor (r=0.7958, P<0.001) and sensory (r=0.7785, P<0.001) nerve conduction velocity in 18 diabetics studied.
    The response of PRA to the furosemide-posture test was significantly impaired in the group with severe AN, while the PAC response did not differ among the groups.Cortisol and PAC in the ACTH stimulation test were comparable in all three groups.Two cases with the syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism which showed hyperkalemia and marked orthostatic hypotention are reported briefly.
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  • Yukio Iioka
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 515-521
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of hypoalbuminemia on fibrinocoagulopathy in diabetics were studied.In all cases (63 NIDDM, 24 IDDM and 14 healthy controls), the overnight fasting blood sugar levels were below 200 mg/100 ml.The diabetics were divided into four groups as follows:(I) 34 patients without retinopathy, clinical signs of nephropathy (proteinuria), or hypoalbuminemia, (II) 34 patients with retinopathy (Scott I-II) but without proteinuria or hypoalbuminemia, (III) 9 patients with both retinopathy (Scott III-IV) and proteinuria, but without hypoalbuminemia, (IV) 10 patients with the same degree of retinopathy as in III, and with both proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia.
    The groups were matched for age.
    The overnight fasting plasma β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) levels in groups III and IV were significantly higher than those in group I. The levels of β-TG in group III were higher than those in IV, although the difference was not significant.The plasma levels of soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in groups III and IV were significantly higher than those in group I. The SFMC levels in group IV were also significantly higher than those in group III. A positive correlation was observed between the levels of β-TG and SFMC.There were negative correlations between the levels of serum albumin and β-TG, and between the serum albumin and SFMC.The concentrations of plasma fibrinogen, α2-globulin, and urea nitrogen were correlated to β-TG and SFMC.
    It is concluded that the hypoalbuminemia concerned in such fibrinocoagulopathy was indicated by a platelet release reaction and fibrin derivative production, and might be involved in the development of diabetic microangiopathy.
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  • Joji Hari, Kozui Shii, Yoshimichi Imamura, Koichi Yokono, Shigeaki Bab ...
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 523-530
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We have reported that insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), which proteolytically degrades insulin with a high degree of specificity, is involved in insulin metabolism in the body. A radioimmunoassay for IDE has been developed using antiserum raised in a rabbit to purified pork muscle IDE. The antibody cross-reacted with rat, pork and human IDE.Pork muscle IDE purified by affinity chromatography showed a 3, 000-fold purification in terms of its activity and a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).Purification of 125I-IDE was accomplished by gel filtration on Sepliadex G-50, G-200 and PAGE.Rat kidney and liver extracts revealed parallel dilution curves, and no significant cross-reaction was observed with either trypsin, amylase or cathepsin C purified from spleen lysosomes.The sensitivity cf the assay ranged from 10 to 500 ng/ml, and the intra-and interassay coefficients of variation were 6 and 11%, respectively.There was some discrepancy between the concentration of IDE measured by RIA and insulin-degrading activity among liver, kidney and muscle extracts.This discrepancy was probably due to miscellaneous factors responsible for insulin degradation included in the tissue extracts, especially in the liver.In sera from normal and IN1DDM subjects, IDE was not detectable in our RIA.One young female, who was resistant to se and im insulin but responsive to a mixture of aprotinin (a protease inhibitor) or iv insulin, however, had an IDE level of 15 to 25 ng/ml.In this case, IDE could play a major role in insulin resistance. The present RIA, therefore, may offer a useful tool for measuring the true concentration of IDE under varius experimental conditions.
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  • Yasue Omori, Rima Akihisa, Keiko Azuma, Mayumi Sanaka, Masashi Honda, ...
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 531-539
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In an approach for normalizing abnormal metabolism during pregnancy in the treatment of diabetics, we instructed pregnant diabetics how to monitor their own blood glucose, and then assessed this self-monitoring through a comparison of the control of diabetes and outcome of delivery.
    The subjects were 21 pregnant diabetics of whom 10 had IDDM and 11 had NIDDM from before pregnancy. The controls consisted of 21 pregnant diabetics who did not monitor their own blood glucose. The subjects and controls were matched for mean age at delivery, diabetes duration before pregnancy, and number of weeks before delivery.
    The subjects monitored their own blood glucose an average of 7 times a week. The blood glucose levels, measured at the hospital after self-monitoring started, averaged 98.5mg/dl at fasting and 114.5mg/dl postprandial in IDDM patients which was significantly lower than in controls. There were no significant differences between the blood glucose levels in NIDDM subjects and controls.
    The HbAi levels during pregnancy, measured after self-monitoring started, were significantly lower in both IDDM and NIDDM subjects than in controls. The number of macrosomia did not significantly differ in the two groups, i.e. self-monitoring and controls, although there were fewer cases among the self-monitoring subjects.
    We found that, in maintaining normoglycemia, insulin-dependent pregnant diabetics whose diabetes control was difficult benefited significantly from monitoring their own glucose, as did noninsulin dependent pregnant diabetics with increasing insulin requirements and who lived far from the hospital. In two representative cases, one woman's retinopathy was ameliorated by self-monitoring even in her second pregnancy, and another woman maintained normoglycemia even when her insulin requirements reached 100 units/day during pregnancy.
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  • Junichi Seki, Satoru Fujii, Makoto Ohashi, Toshihiko Sato, Masaki Yama ...
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 541-548
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to clarify the relation between diabetes mellitus and medial arterial calcification (Mönckeberg's sclerosis), xeroradiography of the legs was carried out in 92 diabetics and 48 nondiabetics with the same sex and age distribution.The relationship between the bone mineral content in the radius measured with a bone mineral analyzer and the occurrence of Mönckeberg's sclerosis was also studied.
    The Following results were obtained.
    (1) Mönckeberg's sclerosis was much more common in the diabetic patients, occurring in 22.8%, compared with 2.1% of the non-diabetic subjects (p<0.01).However, no difkrence was found in the frequencies of patchy calcification (intimal calcification) between the diabetics and non-diabetics.
    (2) In the diabeic group, there was a tendency for the occurencc of Mönckeberg's sclerosis to be correlated with the duration of diabetes mellitus but not with age, and the situation in patchy calcification was the reverse.
    (3) Diabetics of markedly poor control, in whom the mean value of fasting plasma glucose within a year before xeroradiographic examination exceeded 250mg/dl, were found to be much more common in patients with Mönckeberg's sclerosis than in those with patchy calcification, occurring at 23.8% and 0 %, respectively (p<0.05).
    (4) The occurrence of Mönckeberg's sclerosis correlated with retinopathy, especially the proliferative type (p<0.01), but not with peripheral neuropathy and proteinuria.
    (5) Significantly higher incidences of gangrene and/or intermittent claudication were found in diabetics with Mönckeberg's sclerosis and patchy calcification compared with diabetics without arterial calcification of the legs (p<0.01).
    (6) In IDDM, the mean value of the radial mineral content was significantly lower in patients with Mönckeberg's sclerosis than in patients without arterial calcification (p<0.05).In NIDDM, no difference was found in radial mineral content between the patients with Mönckeberg's sclerosis and those without arterial calcification.
    (7) No differences were found in serum Ca, P and PTH levels between the patients with MOnckeberg's sclerosis and those without arterial calcification.
    These findings suggest that diabetes mellitus, especially that of poor metabolic control, microangiopathy and decreased bone mass may have some relationship to the onset and/or development of Mönckeberg's sclerosis.
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  • Kuninobu Yokota, Nobuhiko Saito, Masakazu Abe, Keizo Takaki, Masakuni ...
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 549-552
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of the present study was to examine the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy of the human diabetic heart from the standpoint of the microvascular structure.For this purpose, four diabetic and three control hearts were used.All of the materials were obtained at autopsy performed within 3 hours after death.No complications of heart disease were found in any of the cases. Vascular casts were prepared by means of injection of methylmethacrylate from the coronary artery after flushing and fixing with osmotically adjusted phosphate buffer containing heparin and 2.0% glutaraldehyde. The perfusion and plastic injection were carried out at a pressure of 90 to 100 mmHg. Subsequently, the plastic injected cardiac tissues were cut from the anterior wall of the left ventricle. The vascular casts were obtained after immersion of the tissue in diluted sodium hypochloride, followed by carbon and gold coating for increasing the electron conductivity.The specimens were then observed under a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S510).
    In a general survey of the control hearts, the vascular beds were demonstrated as a rather regular and compact capillary network, the majority of which ran parallel to the muscle fibers while showing well developed anastomoses with each other between neighboring capillaries.The size of the individual capillary casts (e.g.capillary lumen) was uniform.On the other hand, the diabetic hearts revealed marked irregular narrowing of the capillary lumen and diminishment and/or disappearance of capillaries and anastomoses.These findings were found to be well reflected in a decreasing of the capillary density and the area ratio of the capillary bed per unit volume. The above results were also supported by a morphornetric study of ordinary histopathological sections of corresponding areas. In addition, focal twisting, spiralling, and unusual straightening of the capillaries were found.Interestingly, focal cystic and/or saccular dilatation of the capillary lumen was recognized scattered in the diabetic hearts with a suggestion of microaneurysm formation.
    The above findings were thought to be meaningful and to be responsible for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, although it remains unknown whether the observed vascular changes were primary or not in the disease process.
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  • Tsutomu Hisazima, Takami Matsuyama, Yasuko Kono, Hiromitsu Tanaka
    1984 Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages 553-556
    Published: April 30, 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, a particular allele of C4 (C4So) was reported to be associated with IDDM in Basques. However, since this association could be due to differences in ethnic background, we examined the C4 polymorphism in Japanese patients with IDDM using high voltage agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation.This investigation was important not only to clarify the differences among ethnic groups, but also to understand the pathogenesis of IDDM, since C4 is linked to the HLA-B or D/R locus and plays an important role in inflammation and neutralization of viruses.The present data revealed no association between IDDM and the C4So allele.The findings suggest that a C4 independent mechanism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IDDM.
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