The meaning of the tectonic line on the western border of the Fossa Magna has been discussed by E. Naumann, T. Harada, von Richthofen and many other geologists and geographers. It has long been believed that the eastern precipitious slopes of the Hida Mountains were affected by faults of comparatively recent age. It is true that the probable faulted landforms, such as terminal facet, fault gorge, kerncol and kernbut are exhibited. No observation, however, has yet given a convincing geologic proofs of the fault structures.
Although the apparent topographical features are shown, the author has failed to discover the very tectonic contact of granite with its country rocks, owing to the lack of rock exposures.
The general trend of folded axis of the Palaeozoic formations and the outer boundary of granite mass change from NE in the southern part to EW in the eastern part. Yet the boundary line between the granite and the Palaeozoic formations along the Kurio-zawa cross this trend at right angles.
Such being the case, the author tried to recognize the location of fault by means of the orientations and the distributions of joints in. the granite mass, but it was impossible to adopt the method. The location of fault line was supposed on the basis of distributions of rocks.
The fault forming the eastern border of t le Hida (tilted block) Mountains was covered by the DuI (early upper Pleistocene) gravels and this began active in the lower Pleistocene epoch. The relief before the faulting was pretty strong and the bed rock islands of Muro-yama and Hanare-yama were lead to exist in the fan deposits by that faulting.

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Two villages of Daianji and Tatsuichi, where the community of protégés of t telary deity and also that of irrigation pond remain, show distinct characters as rural community, notwithstanding their. situation in the suburbs of Nara City. As a result of the present study, we have found that preservation of such a rural community is surely due to the moats formed as a counterr measure against drought. It comes from the following facts; the community of protégés of tutelarly deity and that of irrigation pond almost completely overlap each other, and the intensity of union in the former is closely related with the frequency of droughts in the latter. Such communities as formed. from necessity of control on irrigation water, with a tutelary deity as their nucleus, are already known in other regions too. Thus, the community of irrigation pond plays a very important role in economic life in these two villages, while the community of protégés of tutelary deity, in the meaning of its existence, should be subordinate to the former. After all, preservation of the rural community has close relation to the geographical. environment of the Nara Basin.

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The Miura Group (Pliocene) of the Tama Hill area in the South-westernn vicinity of Tokyo is composed of the marine deposits on the whole. It uphe aved and became the land on the occassion of the Post-Tertiary revolution. The Narita Group (Pleistocene) had deposited in the drowned valleys dissected, on the Miura Grup in the eastern region of this area. The Kwnto Volcanic Ash overlies the above-mentioned groups all over the area.
The geological structures of this area can be analized as follows; monoclinal structure dipped to the south-east in the western region, anticlinal structure with the Kamihoshikawa dome in the southern region, and synclinal structure running through from the north-east to the south-west between them as Fig. 1.
It seems that this area dipped generally to the north-east in the earliest stage, and that the present structures had been formed by the regional move-ment untill the Post Narita revolution. The author thinks that this areaa was generally dissected untill that time, and that the present late mature form of this area had already been formed nearly before the accumulationn of the Kwanto Volcanic Ash.
In the sandy area, the thickness of the Kwanto Volcanic Ash is 3 to 5 meters, and 1 to 3 meters in the area of sand and mud alternation, and less than 1 meter in the mudy area as is shown in Fig. 2. It seems that these differe-nces have been controled by the flat forms of sandy hill-summits and by the-triangular forms of muddy hill-summits, and moreover to be controled by the sheet erosion type of soil that are more active on the muddy hills than. on the sandy hills.
The dimension of primary unit of dissection of this area is 29.83km² on an average (Table 2 and 3). In this case the relation between the geology and the unit is unclear. The secondary units of dissection are distinctly larger in the sandy area than in the muddy area. Forr example, on an average, they are 0.70km² in the area rich in sand within the alternation of sand and mud in the vicinity of Ilriu, Tama-mura; 0.47km² in the area rich in mud within the alternation of the same kind in the vicinity of Kurogane-machi, Yokohama-shi; and 0.27km² in the Muddy area in the vicinity of Miwa, Okagami-mura as Table 4 and 5. (cf. Fig. 5)
The author calls thesecondary units of dissection “the branch hills.” Most of the branch hills of this area are dissected assymmetrically. (Fig. 6). How these assymmetrical ridge wing were formed? In the case of muddy hill, the wing of geological dip direction is longer than the opposite wing because of the development of gulleys on the wings. (cf. Fig. 7-A). In the case of sandy hill, it relates to the development of the streames under the both side wings, that is, when these streame are young, the side wing of geological dip becomes longer; but when these streams grow and begin the lateral erosion, the opposite wing becomes longer. (cf. Fig. 7-B). In the case of hetrogeneous ridge, the wing slope is steeper on the sandy side than on the muddy side. (Fig. 7-C).

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It is usually considered that condition of surface covers as well as local topographical features is one of the princicipal factor which influence a local climatic situation. In order to discuss the magnitudes of their effects upon local temperature distribution, the author made two local climatological obser-vations at Sugadaira, Nagano Prefecture, and at Uchihara Ibaragi Prefecture. In both areas, local differences according to topographic features are very small and those to surface covers are remarkable. The areas ob servation occupy only about several square kilometers respectively.
Observations were made in daytime, in the summer of 1947 using several Assman's psychrometers by means of mobile observation on foot. As the period of observation, we. chose 2-3 hours in the afternoon when the maximum temperature occurs and when the change of temperature is the smallest. In order to know distinct effects of surface covers, our observations were made at calm days when airlnasses were stagnant.
We reduced temperatures observed at different times. to an average condition during the period of observation at a standard. poit. In this case we used a repeated observation method explaind by the same author in. his previous report local differences of humidity.
Temperature, differences on various suface covers were not so much as were shown in figs. 5 and 7, still we could find that there were distinct differences width regard to statistical. significances.
In both areas, it was warmer at cultivated fields, bare- and bush-lands and was cooler at forests, grass- and marshy lands. Mean differences in temperature between them were usually 0.61_??_0°C. (see Tabs. 8 and 10.)

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The author describes several examples of the colonization processes in Hokkaido, and the conclusion derived from his research is as follows; the management of rice-farming in newly colonized Hokkaidl mainly depends on the improvement of new varieties of rice and technical progress of cultivation. The development of dairy-farming depends on rail way-transportation and urburn demand for its products. The farmers who are engaged in dairyfarming consume themselves very little milk, meat and butter, eating considerable amount of rice for diet. This is the very point that the dairy farming in Hokkaido is ecologically different from that of European type. The ecological situations of rice- and dairy-farming in Hokkaido are not so well harmonized with natural. conditions of Hokkaido, as they are in the other parts of Japan.

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