The southern coast of the Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima Prefecture is a rocky coast consisted of welded tuff, a memberr of the Ata pyroclastic flows. The author discusses the characteristic features and the development of this coast prescribed mainly by the geological condition. The main subjects and results of this paper are as follows:
(1) There are three-step wave-cut benches along this coast. Their profiles can be classified into three parts: higher, middle and lower benches. Fig. 5 is a diagram showing their heights. Fig. 4 is for the terminology of the three parts of the benches, showing relationships between the benches and tidal levels. The profiles, especially of the higher benches, are steeper than the general profiles. The formation of the steep benches is not fully explainable by such an interpretation that the weathering within the intertidal zone, caused by changes in temperature, alternative drying and wetting or solution, exerts little influence on the bottom permanently covered with water, but abruptly increases its effect within the intertidal zone. The weathered mantle over the intertidal zone is possibly removed by wave abrasion, and thus a nearly horizontal wave-cut bench develops within the intertidal zone. On this coast consisted of welded tuffs and non-welded layers, the geological condition controles the shapes of the benches. However, if the loose non-welded layers covering the welded tuff are removed by selective wave erosion, the surface of the welded tuff, which is strong against wave abrasion, is exposed and then becomes a wave-cut bench. Accordingly, the steepness of the bench is largely caused by selective wave erosion and is prescribed by the geological condition.
Some peculiar topographies can be observed along the coast such as circular benches and depressions in the form of a pool or a bay surrounded by circular benches. Their distribution and features are shown in Figs. 6-9. The process of their formation and the development models (Fig. 10) show: as the loose non-welded layers, covered by the welded tuff, are taken away through the wave furrows and caves by wave erosion, the caves are enlarged more and their tops consisted of the welded tuff are depressed down. Thus circular benches with depression formed. Regional difference of the coastal features can be explained by the difference in geological conditions as shown in Fig. 11.
(2) The geomorphic history of the coast can be compiled by means of the observation of terraces, caves, notches and sand dunes and the examination of their relations with volcanic ashes. At the time of the eruption of the Ata pyroclastic flows on the Nansatsu Plateau, the sea level was lower than the present level and the fringe of the former Nansatsu Plateau was near the present coastline. At the maximum phase of postglacial transgression, the sea level was several meters higher than the present level, and the surface of the Shimode terrace, the higher wave-cut benches, and the caves and the notches were formed. As the sea level submerged, the terraces, the higher wave-cut benches, the caves and the notches began to emerge, soon followed by the deposition of the Kaimon-dake volcanic ashes which started about 3, 600 years ago (by C-14 dating).
Since the latest deposition of the Kaimon-dake volcanic ashes (about 1, 100 years ago), the coastline was fixed at the present position and Takatori coastal dune was formed. Along the coast constructed with the welded tuff, the lower wave-cut benches are being formed by wave erosion denuding the higher benches.

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The writer uses the number of pedestrians on the street as one of the elements which may indicate the character of the central shopping street in each city.
By picking up the central shopping streets in sixty cities except million-cities (Tokyo, etc), the writer has surveyed the ratio of the specialty stores on the central shopping streets, and has used the data of pedestrians by the city offices, the commercial high schools, the chambers of commerce and industry, etc.
The investigations treated here may be summarized as follows:
(1) Generally, there is a close relation between the number of pedestrians on the central shopping street and the ratio of the specialty stores on the central shopping streets. Number of pedestrians is different from place to place, and we can decide the extent of the central shopping streets by the difference in number except small cities where the difference is slight.
(2) As the city population increases, the number of pedestrians on the central shopping streets tends to increase except in Hiroshima, Sendai, etc. and on the whole, they are ten percent of the city population. The ratio of the number of pedestrians on holidays to that on weekdays is 1.5 times.
(3) Types of the central shopping streets in view of the number of pedestrians (on weekdays) can be classified as follows: shopping streets with amusing establishments where the number increase towards evening, such as TanukikRji in Sapporo (a type) ; shopping streets with business offices, restaurants, etc. where there are two peaks around 12 and 17 o'clock, such as. Higashi-ichibanchô in Sendai (b type); shopping streets consisting mainly of shopping stores where the peak of the number appears 14-15 o'clock such as Burakuri in Wakayama (c type); and shopping streets where we can see no remarkable peaks as in the case of smaller and medium-sized cities (d type).

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The city of Ashikaga is situated in the northern Kanto District, and is an industrial city of Tochigi Prefecture with 156, 000 population. During World War II, kijaku (fabric for kimono), or so-called ‘Ashikaga meisen’, became nearly extinct. Ashikaga started producing “tricot”, and by now, it has become so prosperous as to produce as much as one-third of the total production of Japan. Here the tricot cloth is made into many kinds of laungery, underwear and outer wear. With the increase in the production of tricot, other kinds of textile industry have also developed and now Ashikaga has become a center for all kinds of textile.
The city of Ashikaga created the largest shipment value among the inland cities in the northern Kanto District in 1066 by operating modernized textile industry and the industries that were converted from war industries to peace industries such as machine, metal, rubber and plastic. Machine and metal factories in the city were producing various kinds of parts of airplanes for military use during World War II.
Later many factories moved into Ashikaga one after another from the Keihin District, resulting in a great tide of industrialization in the Ryômô District, in which Ashikaga is functioning as the largest manufacturing center. As a consequence, Ashikaga's nature which used to be noted for its traditional textile producing region has been fading away very rapidly. In spite of the increase in industrial production the population has not increased greatly. This is considered to be due to the fact that labor has transferred from the textile industry into the industries which came to settle in Ashikaga recently.

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