Geographical Review of Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
Volume 47, Issue 8
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
  • MORTALITY FROM CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND HEART DISEASES
    Masako MOMIYAMA-SAKAMOTO, Kunie KATAYAMA
    1974Volume 47Issue 8 Pages 481-497
    Published: August 01, 1974
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Even in the same atmospheric environment, various living conditions would cause different human mortality. Diseases and deaths occur much in the same ways under similar livelihood circumstances. With this in view, the authoresses have long been studying what bearings climate as part of the human environment will bring about upon health, diseases, deaths, etc. In this paper, they intend to summarize their findings about the seasonal variation of mortality from cerebrovascular diseases and to reconsider its medico-geographical and its biometeorological aspects.
    Epidemiologists have revealed that cerebrovascular ailments are often caused by daily diet as well as by hereditary high blood pressure. Clinical physicians have found that “cold in winter” acts as a trigger for the occurrence of these senile maladies, parti-cularly in the case of the old-aged liable to high blood pressure and cerebrovascular dis-order. But there is much room left for further study on the direct relations between the occurrence of and mortality from cerebrovascular diseases, on the one hand, and, on the other, climate, temperature and other meteorological conditions, especially the re-gional and chronological differences, if any, in these relations in connection with the progress of dietary life, drugs and medical care.
    The authoresses study begins with the seasonal variation of deaths from cerebrovas-cular diseases and the chronological and regional differences in the pattern of such variation from the viewpoint of medical geography and biometeorology.
    Based upon vital statistics in the 1950's, two types of the seasonal variation of cerebrovascular deaths are distinguished 1) A marked winter concentration of mortality is found in the intermediate latitudes, comparatively warm countries, such as Japan., England and Italy, and 2) the seasonal variation is rather moderate in the North Eu-ropean countries in the highh latitude zone and North America where severe cold pre-vails in the north.
    Then, a chronological comparison is made in the relationship between the seasonal variation of temperature and of mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in England, the City of New York and Tokyo (the central 23 wards, excluding the suburban areas) for which vital statistics are available since 1900. The following facts are thus found
    1) In Tokyo, deaths from cerebrovascular diseases curve up considerably in sum-mer in the 1900's. While two maxima in summer and winter are apparent from the 1920's through the 1930's, a single peak of winter becomes dominant in the 1950's, the peak getting higher and higher in recent years. Such chronological changes in cere-brovascular deaths can generally be said to hold true in the whole country.
    2) In England, the winter peak alone does appear earlier in the 1920's, and such concentration in the cold months is becoming all the more conspicuous in the past years.
    3) Strikingly contrasted to such spectacular changes decade by decade, New York has experienced only little change in the seasonal variation of cerebrovascular mortality since the 1930's. The seasonal variation for New York proves to be the smallest in the American city.
    Generally speaking, the seasonal variation of cerebrovascular mortality is moderate in cold regions where man cannot live without fully equipped heating facilities, while on the other hand such deaths increase conspicuously in winter in comparatively warm zones. In New York, be it emphasized, the central heating system was widely adopted already in the 1930's, if not so perfectly as at present. The above geographical differ-ences in the pattern of seasonal variation come from none other than the different methods of room heating in the cold season.
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  • Akihiko TANKO
    1974Volume 47Issue 8 Pages 498-510
    Published: August 01, 1974
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper is aimed at analysis of regional changes caused by intrusion of a private railway through the case of the Chichibu district, Saitama Prefecture, where the Chichibu line of the Seibu Railway Company, one of the largest private railway companies, was constructed in October of 1969. In pursuing the theme, it is rather difficult to determine adequate indices for analizing regional changes, so that the study was started with sound-ing objectives of construction of the new line.
    As the author discussed previously, the railway companies usually transact not only transportation services, but the greater parts of the tertiary sector such as tourism, amusement, commerce and real estates. In case of the Chichibu line, the company planned to develop tourism and limestone quarrying of the area. As to the first point, the railway company purchased an extensive tract of land in the west of Chichibu City, but the area shows little change in outlook (Fig. 3). The railway also established a recreational fruit orchard for tourists, namely Ashigakubo Kaju Koen Mura in partner-ship with the Yokose Agricultural Cooperative Association and the local inhabitants (Fig. 4). As a result, most of the farm land in Ashigakubo area which usid to be planted with mulberry or vegitable was changed into a fruit orchards. On the other hand, for development of limestone industry, the Mitsubishi Cement Company founded a new plant in Yokose village. However, having been made almost fully automatic and acquired skilled laborers from the Kita-Kyushu Plant of the company, this plant absorbed only a small numbers of local inhabitants as its employees.
    Generally speaking the Chichibu district is on the process of modification to be market for the private railway and the cement manifacturering firm as the result of construction of the Chichibu line.
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  • Tsuneyoshi UKITA
    1974Volume 47Issue 8 Pages 511-524
    Published: August 01, 1974
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Auf den Yaheyama-Inseln, die den südwestlichen Teil der Riukiu-Inseln einnehmen and aus der Ishigaki-Insel, der Iriomote-Insel and den einigen noch kleineren Inseln bestehen, bewirtschaften die Bauern die mehrere Kilometer von den Dörfern entfernt liegenden Reisfelder. Der Verfasser mochte einen solchen Ackerbau Fernackerbau nen-nen. Es gibt folgende zwei Typen des Fernackerbaues.
    I. Der Fernackerbau auf der Ishigaki-Insel. Auf der Ishigaki-Insel verkehren die Bauern zwischen den Dörfern an der südlichen Küste der Insel and den Reisfeldern im gebirgigen nordlichen Teil der Insel. Fruher ritten die Bauern zu den Feldern oder fuhren dorthin mit dem Pferdewagen. Heute fährt man häuptsachlich mit dem Motor-rad oder mit dem Auto.
    II. Der Fernackerbau von den kleineren Inseln her zur Iriomote-Insel. Die Leute, die auf den kleineren Inseln wie Taketomi, Aragusuku and Hatoma, wo es keine Reis-felder gibt, wohnen, besuchen mit dem Boot die Iriomote-Insel, um dort Reis anzubauen. Früher segelte oder ruderte man mit dem Einbaumkanu aus Kiefernholz dorthin. Eine Hinfahrt von der Taketomi-Insel zur Iriomote-Insel dauerte mindestens 4 Stunden. An windstillen Tagen oder bei Gegenwind dauerte die Fahrt viel langer. Heute fahrt man mit dem Motorschiff, das viel schneller and gefahrlos fahren kann:
    Beide Formen des Fernackerbaues rind aus den folgenden zwei Ursachen entstanden.
    1) Malaria : Der nördliche bergige Teil der Ishigaki-Insel sowie die Iriomote-Insel, die im ganzen bergig ist, waren bis nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg durch die Ma-laria verseucht. Die Reisfelder befanden sich gröBtenteils in den verseuchten Gebieten. Dagegen waren der südliche Teil der Ishigaki-Insel and die kleineren Inseln nicht ver-seucht. Die Leute machten sich in den nicht verseuchten Gebieten ansässig and pen-delten zu den emn paar Kilometer entfernten Reisfeldern in der verseuchten Gebieten.
    2) Kopfsteuer : Wegen der Kopfsteuer, die von 1637 bis 1902 auf den Yaheyrama-Inseln erhoben wurde, muBte jeder Mann als Steuern Reis zahlen. Die Bauern in den Dörfern, wo es keine Reisfelder gab, waren gezwungen, die Reisfelder in der Ferne zu bebauen.
    Die Abbildung 2 stellt die wichtigsten Routen des Fernackerbaues kurz vor dem zweiten Weltkrieg dar. Damals war der Verkehr zu den Feldern so anstrengend, da.B die Bauern bei den Reisfeldern kleine Hütten besaBen and sich dort während der Acker-bausaison aufhielten. Die Jahreszeit and die Dauer des Aufenthaltes in der Hi tte waren wie folgt :
    1) Pflügen vom August ab, zwei-, drei- oder viermal jedesmal ca. eine Woche
    2) Säen in der zweiten Halfte Dezember ca. zwei Wochen
    3) Umpflanzen von Ende Januar bis Anfang März ca. vier Wochen
    4) Jäten im April and im Mai, zwei- oder dreimal- jedesmal ca. eine Woche
    5) Ernten von Ende Juni bis Anfang August zwei bis vier Wochen
    Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg ist die Übernachtung in der Hutte entbehrlich ge-worden ; denn es ist heute wegen der Verbreitung des Motorrades, des Autos and des Motorschiffes möglich, zu den Feldern an einem Tag hin- and zurückzufahren.
    In den letzten Jahren hat der Fernackerbau mit dem Boot zur Iriomote-Insel hin von Jahr zu Jahr abgenommen, weil der Mangel an Arbeitskräften wegen der au 13eror-dentlichen Abnahme der Einwohnerzahl auf den kleineren Inseln allmählich ernst wurde. Dagegen besteht der Fernackerbau auf der Ishigaki-Insel dank der Ausbreitung des Motorrades and des Autos immer noch fort.
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  • N. SUGIMURA
    1974Volume 47Issue 8 Pages 525-530
    Published: August 01, 1974
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1974Volume 47Issue 8 Pages 531-544_2
    Published: August 01, 1974
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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