In Tane-ga-shima Island, which is located in the northern-most part of the Nansei-shoto Islands and is giving its long axis in the same direction as the Ryukyu Arc, are recognized eight coastal terraces built mainly by wave abrasion. These coastal terraces are classified and correlated by the continuity of altitudes of their surfaces and tephra on the surfaces. They are widely distributed as marginal terraces surrounding hills which originated from abrasion platforms in the northern part, and as plateau-like ones in the southern part, but they do not occur in the northern-most and south-eastern parts. The island is divided into five fault blocks by four faults parallel to NW-SE direction, and extent of the development of terraces is different in each block. The author made the geomorphological survey of these terraces to con-sider the geomorphic history and crustal movements of the island. The results are summarized as follows;
A) Altitudes of the coastal terraces classified into eight are 120m-180m on the first, 120m-170m on the second, 30m-210m on the third, 25m-130m on the fourth, 50m-90m on the fifth, 25m-75m on the sixth, 20m-30m on the seventh, and 5m-8m on the eighth terrace. They are more clearly distinguished in the southern and western parts than they are in the northern and eastern parts.
B) The third, the fourth and sixth terraces are comparatively more widely developed and distributed in a larger area. However, terraces are not found in the northern-most portion of the island where they are submerged into the Osumi strait, and in the south-eastern portion they have not been preserved as terrace surfaces but are recognized only as level summits because of the erosiveness of the Miocene series.
C) The characteristics of the terraces are almost same and they form mostly rock-cut terraces, although extents of their developments are different in each fault block. Marine deposits of the terraces composed mainly of ill-sorted gravels and boulders form very thin layers and rarely exceed ten metres thick even in waste-buried valleys. In the marine deposit of the fourth terrace are seen tests of Foraminifera and fragments of corals which indicate warm climatic conditions. And also raised coral reefs are observed on the lowest terrace in Mageshima Island which belongs to Tane-ga-shima Island. This terrace is correlated to the eighth terrace of Tane-ga-shima Island. From these facts the fourth and eighth terraces are to be correlated to the main transgressions; the former is to the transgression prior to the regression of the last glacial age, and the latter is to the transgression of the early Holocene.
D) The crustal movements inferred from the displacement of the terraces are as follows;
(1) Upwarping has been taking place with the axis in the vicinity of Yakutsu, southwest of the island, showing the older the terrace is the larger the displacement.
(2) Activities of the four faults occurred mainly in the age between the formation of the third terrace and the fourth. These faultings made tilted blocks with fault scarps in the southern edge of each block, and shattered terrace gravels are found along fault lines. The fault which runs from Kerisaki to Tanowaki in the north of the island has been active before and after the construction of the fourth terrace.
(3) Relations of the altitudes of the raised strandlines among the third (T3), fourth (T4) and sixth (T6) terrace are formularized as: T3=1.5T4+2, T4=1.4T6+30, and T3=2.5T6+30 in meters. These formulae indicate that there are positive correlations between the altitudes and ages of the terraces.
(4) The tendency of the strike and dip of the Miocene series and the crustal movements in more recent geological time shown by the terraces are very similar to each other.
(5) The facts mentioned in (1), (2), (3), and (4) lead to the deduction that two kinds of crustal movements have been taking place, upwarping and faulting.

View full abstract

1. It is a well known fact that the snow cover greatly affects on the hydrological conditions. In Japan, Japanese Sea side of the country is covered with heavy snow during winter, but Pacific side receives only a little precipitation in the same season. Differences in hydrological condition in these regions are analyzed in this report.
2. For the comparison of the amount of discharge in different regions, it is usual method to calculate “specific discharge”. It is said that the amount of specific discharge increases in narrow drainage basin which locates in the mountaneous region and receives more precipitation than in the flat basin (Hanazawa, 1960). Such tendency is not obtained for winter runoff, because precipitation occurs as solid form in the Japanese Sea side and other region does not receive remarkable precipitation. The relations between amounts of specific discharge and catchment area of river basins are represented in Fig. 2, in which the following characteristics are pointed out.
(1) The amount of specific discharge does not vary in relation to the area of drainage basin in winter months.
(2) The difference between snowy region and region without snow cover is evident (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
(3) Effect of geological and vegetal condition on winter runoff is considered to be very small.
3. In mid-winter, surface ablation of the snow is not observed except for several warm days. For the verification of this tendency, heat gain at the snow surface is calculated at several stations by use of radiational and bulk-aerodynamical calculations basing on monthly mean climatic data. The values are negative except for one station (Table 2), meaning that the surface cooling is dominant instead of melting. The calculation does not indicate the amount of net-exchange at the snow surface, because it cannot separate the daily and nocturnal heat exchanges. Then, the values in Trable 2 are rough estimates of heat gain. Besides the above calculation, examination based on empirical relationship between daily mean air temperature and ablation amount was made.
Daily and inter-diurnal variation of runoff is condiserably small in mid-winter, by which the existence of continuous water supply is assumed. Then the effect of soil heat flux on the ablation of snow is considered as the main factor mid-winter runoff from the snowy region.
4. The amount of total ablation is given by the sum of surface ablation (Q_s) and that by soil heat flux at the bottom of snow cover (Q_b).
M=Q_s+Q_b
The first item in right side of the equation is neglected by the preceding consideration, then the amount of total ablation for mid-winter is represented by the following relation.
M=c•ρ•λ_??_
Calculation of the soil heat flux is substituted by the change in soil heat storage by use of vertical profile of soil temperature obtained at weather stations (Table 3). A part of the amount of heat which is lost from the soil may be drainaged into river by ground water temperature, but it is assumed here that the all heat is consumed in bottom melting of snow.
On the other hand, river runoff (R) is assumed to be separated into two items,
R=M_W'+R_G
where, M_W' is water supply by ablation caused by soil heat flux and R_G is basic ground water supply. Assuming that the ground water supply (R_G) would be represented by the amount of discharge of the river basins in the regions whithout snow cover, the amount of M_W' for the unit surface area is calculated (Table 4). This value would coincide with the amount of change in soil heat storage, i.e.
-c•ρ_??_dZ=80(R-R_G/S)
where S denotes surface area of drainage basin.

View full abstract

In this paper the auther has analysed the forming process of dairy region from the point of historical development of milk industry, which includes such businesses as the milker, milk bottling plant and dairy farming. With the development of commercial agriculture, six stages of milk industry were classified in this region as follows.
First stage (1870-4900); The milk industry composed of the milkers only. These milkers were engaged in keeping dairy cattles, bottling and selling milk in a small scale. As dairy cattle husbandry was one of the attractive businesses for investment in this stage, the samurais, former warrior class before Meiji restoration, had established Akagi Bokujo by obtaining a fund from the government in 1875.
Second stage (1901-1920); The milkers were still the core of the milk industry, but with the development of local society, the difference in milker's scale became greater between city and rural areas. The transference of dairy cattles from the milkers to farmers means the primitive differentiation of milk industry. The farmers who kept dairy cattles Tended these to the milkers.
Third stage (1921-1938); Dairy farming was started with the establishment of milking association in rural areas. The milking association of farmers were engaged in processing and selling milk, but most of these failed in selling milk with competition of the milkers and unbalance of milk production and demand. Changing of milk processing methods, the milkers were classified into two groups. One group established the milkplant to gather milk from milking association, the other borrowed dairy cattles from farmers like as second stage.
Fourth stage (1939-1947); A local milk manufacturing plant was established with the development of dairy farming. Advancing the world war II, the milk industry was controlled in regional criteria so that milk was gathered two new incorporated plants at Maebashi and Isesaki. Thus milkshed of these plants expanded from local area to regional area.
Fifth stage (1948-1954); With the solution of old regulation systems after end of the war and the increasing popularity of dairy farming among farmers, the dairying co-operatives were established in coring the milking association. Then regional milkshed was divided with the establishment of meadiam extra capital of fluid milk distributors. On the other hand the milkers converted to small milk bottling plants.
Sixth stage (after 1955); Appointing the intensive dairy region, this region was included in Tokyo metropolitan milkshed with the advancement of big milk manufacturing capitals. In this consequence large herding of dairy cattles were progressed in full-time farmers. The milkers were directed two ways. One was school milk bottling in combination of local society, the other was milk wholesaler or retailer belonging to big milk distributors.
In sixth stage this dairy region has been re-formed and grasped with the monopolistic milk manufacturing capitals ; Advancement of big milk manufacturing capitals with expansion of Tokyo milkshed has been developing large herding of dairy cattles. Then milk production in dairy farms has taken most significant part in combining compound management. At the same time inter-farm combination has occured in coring dairy farms with specialization of f arm-ing in this region.

View full abstract