The mountain villages in the area drained by the River Katashina in Gunma Prefecture are “the farm-village in the mountainous region” of the modern times. But these villages had two alternative phases in their character ……the farm-village and the forest-village……, and the two phases developed alternatively at an interval of a half century.
In the forest-village phase, the increase of houses and inhabitants was two times that of the farm-village phase, and the shifting cultivation was developed largely to meet the demand of food. As the forest-production decreased, so did the houses and inhabitants, and the shifting cultivation stopped and changed into the farm-villages as before. This changing process of “from the forest-village to the farm-village” appeared twice in the Feudal times.
These two characteristic phases in the mountain village were the products of the Feudal forestry system. After the Meiji era this old forestry system was finally abolished, and the basic condition which produced these two characteristic phases in the mountain village in the Feudal times ceased existing.

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Discharge is closely related not only to geological characteristics and vegetation of a basin but also depends upon geomorphic factors such as drainage area, stream length, stream number, stream order, basin shape, and ground slope.
Hack plotted average discharge on a logarithmic graph for all gaging stations in the Pot-omac River basin and fitted a regression line with an exponent of 1.0.
In general, an empirical equation relating stream discharge (Q) to basin area has shown to be
Q=jA^m……………………………………………………………… (1)
where j and in are constants. The exponent in generally falls in the range from 0.5 to 1.0. For instance, in the case of annual mean discharge on the Potomac River basin, in is 1.0; it is 0.70 for flood discharge on twelve streams of New Mexico.
On the other hand, the specific discharge of annual mean decreases exponentially with an increase of drainage area in Japanese river basins. This result agrees with the case of m≠1.0 in equation (1) and is different from the example of the Potomac River basin shown by Hack. It is supposed that non-linear relation of specific discharge to basin area is caused not only by areal localization of precipitation but also depends on irregularity of stream network.
The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between discharge and geomorphic characters of a basin such as stream order, stream length, and stream number, in terms of the concept of similarity.
In general, assuming that the discharge is constant during the period of observation, the discharge (Qu) of drainage with order U is expressed as follows:
_??_.……………………………………………………………… (2)
where u is the stream order defined by 5trahler's ordering using a map on a scale of 1 50, 000. _??__u and N_u are mean length and number of stream with order u respectively. q_Gu and qsu are mean discharge of stream of order zc due to ground and surface water flows respecti-vely and these have the dimension of (m²/sec).
Using Horton's first and second laws:
_??__u+1/_??__u=γ_l, N_u+1/N_u=γ_b
and, further assuming that the following ratios are the same in the whole basin :_??_
the equation (1) is transformed as follows:
_??_+………………+_??_………………(3)
Moreover, in order to generalize, if we substitute the characteristics of u-th order, l₁, N₁, and qau, for l₁, N₁, and q_G1, in equation (3), the dischorge is rewritten as follows:
_??_………………………………………………………………… (4)
_??_
where _??__u is a proportional constant.
This theory is supported by the observations of discharge carried out on two basins, the Kanna River basin and the Koshin River basin. The discharge was measured by the floating method at seven points along the Kanna River on May 2021, 1967 and at seven points along the Koshin River on June 16, 1969. As the weather had no precipitation during the observations, the discussions in this paper are the case of without the surface water flow in equation (4). Figs. 2 and 4 show the relation discharge to (_??__uN_u) and the slopes of regr-ession lines are 1.0 in all cases.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the diffusion of the suspended sediment due to wave action in the offshore of the Kashima beach exposed to the Pacific Ocean. Suspended sediments were captured with bamboo samplers which were set at ten sites located in the range of about 1. 5 km. _??_0.5 km. from the shore. Two types of sampler shown in Fig. 2 were set at each site. The data on amount of the trapped sediment at two sites are shown in Table 1.
Since it is commonly stated that amount of sediment trapped by a bamboo sampler is completely proportional to actual sediment concentration in the field, a corresponding sediment concentr-ation (c) can be computed from the trap rate (q) by using the empirical equation (11) for the relation of sediment concentration to the trap rate which was obtained by the authors in the Kashima area. Thus, sediment diffusion coefficient (E_S) in the field can be calculated by using eq. (3), and their vertical distributions are as shown in Fig. 5. On the other hand, Homma, Plorikawa, and Kashima assumed, for the case of oscillatory flow, the coefficient E_m1 (a mo-mentum diffusion coefficient) as eq. (6) in which K is a constant. Fig. 5 displays also the solutions of equation (6) for four values of K indicated by solid lines. As the distributions of E_S are somewhat irregular in this figure, it may be felt that they should be examined more closely.
In order to examine this irregularity, the size analysis of the trapped sediments and the inspections of the wave condition during the bamboo sampling period were carried out. These examinations made it clear that the vertical gradients of the trap rate of sediment (also sediment concentration) show the distinguishable difference between the cases of coarser and of finer fractions as shown in Fig. 7, and the wave condition during the bamboo sampling period was not steady but consisted of both weaker condition and vigorous condition (Fig. 6)
The authors, then, assumed that the finer fraction of the trapped sediments has been caught during the period of the weaker wave condition, while the coarser one during the period of the vigorous wave condition, and based on this assumption the values of e on each fraction were calculated separately. The verticals distributions of suchh values of cs are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. Making a comparison between Figs. 5 and 8 it is clear that the distribution of E_S in Fig. 5 is governed by the finer fraction's E_S at higher levels (ky>0.08), while in the layer near the bottom (ky<0.05) by the coarser fraction's E_S.
In Figs. 8 and 9, the distributions of E_m1 and E'_m2 under the conditions of various values of K and are also shown respectively, in which α is a correction factor, and ES plotted in Fig. 9 fits better with E'_m2of eq. (8) than that of eq. (6) in Fig. 8. Therefore, the best fit values of kα in eq. (10) were calculated because k is not constant in sediment laden flow, and were obtained as follows, ka equals to 0.2 in the case of coarser sediment and vigorous wave condition of sample 1-3, kα=0.06: finer sediment and weaker wave, the sample 1-3, kα =0.06: coarser sediment and vigorous wave, the sample 8-2, kα=0.028: finer sediment and weaker wave, the sample 8-2. The distributions of the sediment concentration can be obtained by calculations using these values of kα and eq. (9), with which measured one compared in Fig. 11.

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Industries greatly act upon the region where they locate. Such action of the industries upon the region is an important object for geographical study. For this concern, I have taken Yokkaichi City for example and tried to find out it. In order to get a clear idea about the regionalit.y of an industrial region, it is necessary to expose the relation between the industry and the inhabitants, and the relation of employment, which is influenced by the formation and construction of the industries. From this point of view, I undertook an analysis and found out the following facts about Yokkaichi City.
In the second half of 19th century, the locally born industries, with the textile industries as leading roles, were modernized. Since 1930 the outside major capitals have pushed into this region, and enrolled a part of the local minor metal and machinery factories as their sub- contracted factories. The subcontracting relationship was expanded mainly by electrical machi- nery factories after World War II. There were, however, very few minor factories except those of metal and machinery to enter into the relationship with the major factories from outside. The petroleum and chemistry factories theat were established after 1960 seldom have subcontracted factories though, they have caused the shortage of laborers to the local minor factories. The latter, therefore, in order to maintain its laborers, came into the relation with the suburb agricultural laborers, and, as a result, expanded the industrial region. The relation is, however, not established in one way. For example, the metal and machinery factories employ farmer householders and children while the pottery factories only employ housewives, and the textile factories only employ the farmer women who live just nearby. Neither do all the farmer families go to factories to work in the same way. The families owning more than 1.4 hectares of cultivated land are full-time farmers. Among the owners of less than 1.4 hectares, for the 1-1. 4 families, only children go to factories ; it is from the less than 1 hectare families that the householders and housewives go to factories. Besides, there is another aspect of difference. Among the children, those from the more than one hectare families generally go to the major factories, while those from the less, the minor.
In case the farmer householders go to the minor factories, their wives go to factories or do side jobs too because their pays are so cheap; it, however, does not mean they give up their farming at all.
As for those who work in the factories to make a living, there are two types of laborers, the native and those who moved into Yokkaichi City. Generally, there seems a tendency that the former go to the minor factories while the latter, the major. In the case of those working in the minor factories, their wives also go to work in factories or do side jobs, just as those farmer families. The children of the wage earners tends to resemble their parents in employ-ment. If the parents work in the minor factories, so do their children; while if the parents work in the major factories, so do their children too, though these major ones are not nece-ssarily inside the city.
In this way, we are able to make clear the regionality of Yokkaichi City to a certain extent.

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