This study focuses on the distance parameter that is an indispensable component of a spatial interaction model. Though recent theoretical studies on the distance parameter have proposed the behavioral, configurational and spatial autocorrelation components in the parameter, empirical studies have, for the greater part, discussed the parameter re flecting the spatial autocorrelation and scarecely taken into account both of the behavioral and configurational components.
In this study as an empirical one, an attempt is made, first, to extract a spatial pattern of the distance parameter prescribed only by the behavioral and configurational components and then, to pursue the causes of that pattern, by taking zonal attributes into con sideration. The production-constrained entropy-maximizing type of spatial interaction model (Egns. (2) to (4)) is employed to the car-traffic flows within the Tokyo metropolitan area (Fig. 1). The results of this study are summarized as follows:
1. The modified Hyman's procedure including the iterative calculation based on the Eqns. (5) to (8) was utilized to estimate the distance parameter β_i of each unit zone i. Then, the cluster analysis by the relative likelihood ratio λ_ij in Eqn. (9) was executed to extract a spatial pattern of the distance parameter (Fig. 2). As a result, the distance parameter increases its value from the inner part to the outer part within the Tokyo metropolitan area (Fig. 3 and Table 1). Since the extracted pattern showed marked differ ence from the pattern affected only by the configurational component, the extracted pattern was strongly affected by the behavioral component.
2. In order to explain the extracted pattern, specific tonal attributes which affect the behavioral component was seeked. After thirteen location quotients which show industrial concentration were prepared, a multiple regression model, in which some of them should be selected as independent variables and the distance parameter was a dependent variable, was formulated by a step-wise procedure. As a result, the regression model included four location quotients. These location quotients were referred to the industries of transport and communication, services, wholesales and government (Table 2). These location quotients were mapped in Fig. 4. The standardized regression coefficients in Table 2 showed that the industrial concentrations of transport and communication, services and wholesales reduced the distance parameter value, while the concentration of government increased it.
3. The residuals (Fig. 5) by the regression model were explained by the accessibility to the freeway network (Fig. 6). First, the unit zones were divided into A and B-groups the A-group consisted of zones with accessibility which was equal to or less than a given accessibility D₀, and the B-group of zones with accessibility which was greater than D₀. Second, the average values of the residuals in each group were calculated. Finally, the significant level of the difference between the two averages was evaluated by a variance test. These processes were repeated at intervals of 0.5km of Do. The differences at the 20% significant level existed at the five cases of Do. Especially the case with D₀=4.5 showed the difference at the 5% level (Table 3). Hence, zones more accessible to the freeway network had lower distance parameter value, while zones with less accessibility did higher distance parameter value.

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Traditional iron industry, called tatara, had flourished in the Chugoku mountains till the beginning of the twentieth century. The iron sands used as raw materials are found in small amounts in weathered granitic rocks. Such iron sands were collected in a unique mining method called kannanagashi. In this mining process, workers cut out huge quantities of weathered granitic rocks and sorted out the iron sands in running water. There are mountains and hills that have been much deformed by kannanagashi in many parts of the upper Hi Hino and Takahashi river basins.
This paper aims to establish the role which the human managed geomorphic process of kannanagashi has played in the development of the natural environment of the Hii river basin. For this purpose, the author has documented the geomorphological features and the distribution of kannanagashi sites (stopes) and has evaluated the volume of the waste thrown away in the process of kannanagashi by means of field survey, and the interpretation of aerial photos and large scale maps.
The main results may be summarized as follows:
1. The present landforms of the stopes are classified into two types : one is the landforms which have not been changed since the abondonments. Another is the landforms which were further transformed into agricultural lands. It is fairly easy to distinguish those rnan-made landfooms from other natural ones even from the aerial photos, because they are comprised of many unnatural cliffs, artificially cut hills (Kannazankyu) and large round gravels derived from core stones.
2. Numerous stopes are distributed in the upper Hii river basin. These, in particular, form dense belts extending E-W in the vicinity of Yokota and in the upper reaches of R. Kamedake (Fig. 6). Most of the stopes are geomorphologically located in the gentle slopes of the piedmonts and the mountain ridges, and geologically located in the regions consisting of grano-diorite or diorite rocks. However, such stopes are not seen in the grano-diorite region around the town of Daito because it was difficult to channel water for kannanagashi. The total area of stopes is estimated to be 3.5×10⁷m².
3. It is possible to get an approximate volume of the discarded waste by measuring the areas of stopes and the heights of unnatural cliffs and kannazankyu. As a result of culculation, it is estimated that the waste of 1, 5×10⁸_??_2.2×108m³ has been discarded in the process of kannanagashi in the Hii river basin especially over the past 300 years. The figures are nearly the same as those reported by Fujiwara (1980) and Akagi (1981) through many historical records.
In this study, it becomes clear that the landform deformation caused by kannanagashi was much greater than estimated in the Hii river basin.

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The author tried to estimate the water quality (Secchi disk transparency) of Lake Kasumigaura and other lakes in the northern Kanto plain by means of multivariate analyses and computer mapping techniques. The results of this estimation were as follows.
1. The water quality estimation models were derived from the multiple regression analysis of LANDSAT and ground truth data in Lake Kasumigaura (Jan. 19, 1980).
2. Among these models, the Secchi disk transparency estimation model retained the highest ratio of contribution and the signal in band 6 was adopted independent variable of the model.
3. It is quite difficult to fit this model to the data of the oligotrophic lakes for such reasons as weak energy penetration of the near-infrared wave-lengths and restriction in the model itself.
4. On the other hand, it is possible to apply this model to the data in Lake Kasumigaura and other eutrophic lakes, of which the transparency are below 1.59m and located in the lowland.
5. In Lake Kasumigaura the estimated transparency (Secchi disk transparency) reduced from the center or the areas adjacent of the outlet to Tsuchiurairi and Takahamairi estuaries.
6. In Lake Kitaura the estimated transparency reduced from the southern part of the lake and its value was relatively higher than that of the center of the lake Kasumigaura.
7. In Lake Hinuma the estimated transparency had uniform pattern with the same value as that of the central part of Lake Kasumigaura.
8. There might be two approaches in the future application of regression analysis into satellite remote sensing of lake water pollution. The one is to get optimal regression using numerous ground truth data in various lakes and to amend the model for each lake depending upon each circumstance of the lake. The other is to cluster various lakes into a few groups which have similar physical and chemical conditions before the application of the analysis, and store the water quality estimation models for each group. For the practical purpose, the latter seems to be more preferable than the former.
9. The ground truth observations might be carried out efficiently after the derivation of the model, but the collection of a few kinds of data would be required for the corrections of the video data.

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The study of urban factorial ecology has become popular among Japanese geographers because this is one of the most useful methods for analyzing basic urban residential dimensions and structures. This field of study in Japan, however, takes little consideration of the results of traditional studies of urban residential structures.
The first point at issue in this paper is the spatial and social significance of the two main ecological factors, i.e., socio-economic status and family status. Since the spatial patterns of socio-economic status factor are arranged by sectors, these are coincident with the sactorial patterns of high status residential areas by Hoyt. Thus, it is necessary to explore the relationships between the spatial patterns of socio-economic status by the factorial method and those of high status residential areas by the traditional method. Family status factor displays concentric patterns and, therefore, the areal patterns of age structures and life cycles need to be investigated in detail.
The second point at issue is the study of ecological change through time. This kind of study can be approached by two analytical methods: cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal one. The former is a comparison of ecological structures between two time periods, and the latter is a matter of ecological change through time. Since the longitudinal analysis compares the differences in the rate of change of variables between two time periods, the amount of variation of variables which can be explained by factors is smaller than that of the cross-sectional analysis method. Thus, it is necessary to select a proper analytical method by considering the relative merits of various measures of change. In view of the length of time for analysis, the study of ecological change is divided into short-time studies and long-time ones. The former is to explore the uniformly continuous change in recent time, the latter is to explore the historical change over a long period of time, which is especially related to the problem of the historical residential development.
In order to analyze the residential structures in Japanese cities synthetically, the results of factorial ecological studies are to be discussed in comparison not only with the results of the earlier studies in the U. S. A. which possesses the typical ethnic differences, but also with the results in the other countries which possess little ethnic differences in terms of residential structures. Moreover, it is necessary to explore the complex interrelationships between ecological factors and residential structures by traditional method, and also to formulate the model of historical residential developments in Japan.

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