The Ashio Waste Land, located in the northern part of Ashio Town, Tochigi Prefecture, was originated by a large forest fire in 1891, and has been aggravated under the influence of poisonous gas discharged from a copper refinery nearby.On the steep valley sides in the area are exposed bare rocks, beneath which numerous debris slopes are formed.
Processes of the formation of a talus cone, named “G_m Talus Cone”, were examined here. It is developed on a river terrace on the left bank of the Watarase River near the copper refinery, and is composed of slate fragments from a steep slope behind. As shown in Fig. 3, it has a relative height of 54 m, a slope length of 92 m from the apex to the base, and a general inclination of 36°, showing a rectilinear longitudinal profile except for short sections near the apex and the base.
On the surface of the G_m Talus Cone, there exist three major types of deposits, indicating a marked distinction in grain size composition as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. These types of deposits are distributed on the surface of the slope in a longitudinally striped pattern (Figs. 4 and 5).
The coarse and well-sorted deposit, R type deposit, shows a regular variation in their mean size along the longitudinal profile of the talus slope as shown in Fig. 8. This tendency of the variation is in accord with the relation between the stationary position and grain size of fragments which were let fall experimentally from the apex of the talus cone (Fig. 9). Thus, this type of deposit is considered to be formed through the individual falling down of rock fragments (rock fall).
The D type deposit, mainly composed of pebble-sized fragments, forms a small-scale tongue. It was observed on this talus cone that such a tongue was built by a slow (several decimeters per second) flowing down of loose debris, named here dry fragments flow.
The poorly sorted deposit which forms a set of small tongue and levee-like elevation, W type deposit, was supposed to be a product of debris flow under the condition of heavy rain. It was frequently observed after heavy rainfalls that the micro-topographies and deposits like this had been formed on the debris cones in the Ashio Waste Land (Fig. 10).
Consequently, the followings are concluded on the movement and deposition of rock fragments on the talus cone : among the various sizes of detritus supplied from the steep slope behind to the talus slope through the process of rock fall, a certain size of fragments are distributed in quantity over the wider scope on the mid-slope, and the smaller ones settle near the apex, coarser ones near the base of slope, all showing the tendency to in-crease in grain size toward the downslope direction. The smaller fragments and fine materials which, in the case of the individual falling down, were forced to settle only near the apex migrate downslope by way of such collective processes as dry fragments flow and debris flow.
In the next place, small pits were excavated at three points, up-, mid- and down-slope, on the G_m Talus Cone to observe its internal composition. The side walls of these pits are composed of many debris layers which may be divided broadly into two parts, upper and lower horizons (Fig. 11).
Layers of the lower horizon contain humus fine materials and many plant fragments as their common feature. As there is no vegetation on the present talus cone and steep slope behind, it is considered that these layers were deposited before or just after the forest fire in 1591.

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Temperature anomaly patterns over Japan and their changes during the past 74 years (1901_??_1974) are examined using principal component analyses (eigenvector analyses) of mean July and August temperature fields. More than 80 percent of the cumulative variance can be explained by the first two components (Table 1). The spatial eigenvector patterns are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. From an examination of these patterns, it be-comes clear that the first component which is characterized by anomalies of one sign (positive) in all of the area represents the real temperature anomaly patterns of either “hot summer” or “cool summer”, and that the second component which is characterized by anomalies of opposite signs in the north and in the south represents the “north cool-south hot” pattern or the “north hot-south cool” pattern.
Time series of component scores (eigenvector coefficients) are presented in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. In July, the score of the first component is negative from 1901 to the mid-1910's, but is frequently positive since mid-1950's, while the second component tends to have negative scores since mid-1950's. In August, abrupt changes occurred around 1920 (the first component) and 1950 (the second component). As shown in Fig. 6, different anomaly patterns appearns in 1901_??_1920 and in 1951-1974. During the first period, 1901_??_1920, the “cool summer” pattern appeared frequently and during the third period, 1951_??_1974, the “north cool-south hot” pattern appeared predominantly.
In order to examine the periodicities, a power spectrum analysis is applied to the first two component scores (Fig. 7). The power spectra of the first component show pronounced peaks in the period range 7 to 8 years in August and 5 years in July. In the spectra of the second component, two pronounced peaks at 21-year (July) and 10.5-year (August) periods are found. These periods resemble the 11-year sunspot cycle.
In order to clarify the dynamic cliatological implications of each component, the cor-relation coefficients of the component scores are calculated with the 500 mb heights over the Northern Hemisphere (Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11) and with the occurrence frequencies of various surface pressure patterns over East Asia (Table 2).
The first comoponent is related to the development and decay of the North Pacific anti-cyclone at the 500 mb level over East Asia. At the surface level, it is connected with the occurrence frequencies of the Type V (Summer weather pattern) and Type IVb (Frontal pattern : Front running west-east along the Pacific coast of Japan or in the Pacific).
The second component is related to the development and decay of the subtropical anti-cyclones at the 500mb level which appear over the Tibetan Plateau and the East China Sea. At the surface level, it is connected with the occurrence frequency of the Type IVa (Frontal pattern: Front running west-east over Japan).

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The cold-storage warehouses in the city of Nagoya are generally divided into the warehouses expanded from ice-manufacturing factory and the warehouses developed by capitalization of marine industry in accordance with the classification by lineage of capital. The warehouses grown from ice-manufacturing factory are conducted generally on a small scale with their principal location in the old town area in frequent cases. The warehouses completed by marine industry are dependent on the wholesale market. Since the cold-storage warehouses keep a great quantity of foodstuffs for consumers, they are located in most cases in the mercantile area, in terms of the town structure, where intermediate wholesalers flock together.
A regional character of stored goods is evident in marine products in Atsuta-ku, in livestock products in Minato-ku and in greengrocery products in Nishi-ku, and stored goods generally common to all wards are ice-cream. In general, existence of wholesale markets and harbor facilities exercises strong influences upon the regional character of stored goods.
As for regional flowing trends of stored commodities, warehousing clients are from all parts of the country while delivering clients are almost within the locality. Therefore, the warehouse may be called the consuming locality type warehouse from the standpoint of performance.
Commodities of perishable foods are apt to be divided into small quantity during storage and their owners often change naturally. Such a dividing process is the distinctive peculiarity of marketing foods and it is the vital factor essential to the location of the coldstorage warehouse.

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Geomorphological researches done in Eastern and Central Europe are reviewed in terms of the climatic river terrace development under the periglacial environment with special reference to the Last Glacial, since the problem of climatic terrace has been one of the most important ones in the geomorphology of Japan.
First, the terrace landforms, the constituent materials and their chronology are introduced with regard to the Rhein, Donau, Elbe, Weser river systems and the Carpathian rivers. It is stressed that the terrace landfor ms and terrace gravel beds dating in the Last Glacial can be divided into two levels.
Secondly, some periglacial phenomena such as slope deposits, ice-wedge casts and erosional phases observed in löss sections are noted in relation to the chronology of the river erosion and accumulation.
Thirdly, a variety of opinions concerning the origin of the river erosion and accumulation is introduced.
Lastly, the Last Glacial climatic succession is briefly described mainly on the basis of the works in Netherlands, because it should have exerted a great effect on the history of the river terrace development.

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