The author visited 81 beaches of Amami Oshima, one of the South-west Islands of Japan, in December 1962, and found beach rocks at 35 beaches. Their sites are shown in Fig. 1. Beach rocks are classified into 1) typical ones, dipping seaward at 5-7 degrees, showing microcuestas, 2) ones having level beds, 3) hard beds lying under the ground of villages, 4) white calcareous rocks covering the black old rocks, forming small patches but no beds, 5) beaches where only fragments of beach rock are seen.
There seems to be no relation between the existence of the beach rock and the components of the beach material. There are five types of beaches in northern Oshima, A) small deltas facing the ocean, B) large deltas facing the ocean, C) small deltas facing the inner bay, D) large deltas facing the inner bay, E) plains lying at the foot of the Pleistocene terrace facing the ocean. Types A) -D) are submerged coasts while types E) are the uplifted. We can see the beach rock at each beach of type A, C and E. Beach rocks are no longer seen at the present beaches of type B and D. Perhaps they were embedded by delta deposits. The author should think type 3) may be the embedded beach rocks.

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Human ecology is commonly defined as a study of the relation between human beings and their environment. So long as human ecology is defined as such, a wide scope of this study must inevitably be needed. First of all, human ecology must be a learning not only of the relation between man and natural environment, but also of the relation between man and social environment. Secondly, it must be a learning not only of so-called “community”, but also of “society”. Some human ecologists have a tendency to limit the subject of this study to a narrower field of environmentalism, such as “community” study, urban ecology, or regionalism, but such trends of human ecology must be criticized, because, owing to the definition, human ecology is a general study of environment.
This general study of environment has many relative sciences, such as geography, biology, sociology, pedagogy, and so on. The relation between man and environment has long been studied by geographers. Geography has a concern with environment, but geography and human ecology are not the same thing, because, from the point of geographers, geography has much more concern with the region than with the environment, the study of which is used by geograph ers as a tool to analyse a region, while, from the point of view of human ecologists, human ecology as a general study of environment cannot adhere to geographical environment only.
A part of the geography is a part of the human ecology, but another part of the geography is not the human ecology. Human ecology is concerned with biology, sociology, or pedagogy, as well as with geography.
In this paper, many other problems incidental to the definition are attempted to be discussed. For ex-ample, is human ecology a natural science or a social science? Or is it a autoecology or synecology ?
What the writer is trying to point out in the present paper is that human ecology is not a special but a general study of environment.

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The uchizange was not only a part of a castle but also the innermost part of the castle-town, where important class of samurai had their residences. The traces of residences in a castle are found in ancient cities. But the uchizange of a castl-town originated in the settlements of powerful families in the middle ages.
The uchizange can be classified, according to the type of the castle to which it belonged into three types: (1) the hirajo (a castle in a plain) type, (2) the hirayamajo (a castle on the hillock in a plain), and (3) the yamajo (a mountain castle) type. Its best development is observed especially in the hirayamajo type.
From the viewpoint of its function and structure, the uchizange followed the following development;
The first stage (during the former period of the middle age)…… the uchizange as the management center of the load of manor.
The second stage (during the latter period of the middle age)……the uchizange as the political and military center.
The third stage (during the modern age)…… the uchizange which formed one part of the samurai quarters in a castle-town.
Each stage mentioned above also shows the process of the development and repletion of a castle-town.
The uchizange of the first stage was a product of the earliest castle-town and that of the second was the samurai settlement in the early castle-town, the last being one part of the samurai quarters in the modern castle-town.
In the uchizange of the last stage were important offices as well as residences of chief vassals. It was the uchizange that played the most important part in the samurai quarters.

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In Japan befinden sich die meisten Kohlenfelder, deren Flötz hauptsächlich aus Tertiärformation besteht, meistens an der Meeresküstenn den ihnen benachbarten Hugelländer, wo der Boden der Tertiärfor-mation mit wasserreichen Erdschichten dick bedeckt ist und neue Verwerfung überall sich entwickeln. Dazu kommt hier auch emn Erdkriechen von Tertiärformation, wie man in Nagasaki-Provinz Westjapans beobachten kann. Anlädlich der Krustebewegung gehören oft die Küstengebiete zur Zone der Grund- depression.
Mit Lehmanns Theorie allein kann man aber nicht genug die Erscheinung der Bodensenkung zu diesen Gebieten erklären. Der Verfasser also erwahlte sich einen repräsentativen Platz aus Joban-Kohlenfeld in Nordjapan, um die Bodensenkung genau zu ermessen. Die Beobachtung dauerte um 28 Monate lang, dabei die Höhenunterschied der betrefienden Punkte ausgemessen wurde. Die Erscheinungs-faktoren wie folgend:
1. Eodensenkung im vollen Gebiete an der Meeresküsten von Kashima-See.
2. Kohlengruben-und Lokalerdbeben
3. Bedeckte Ablagerung über Grundfelsen (topographische Betrachtung von Basisfelsen eingeschlossen), besonders die Konsolidation des Torf-Tons begründet in der Veränderung des Grundwasserstands.
4. Verwerfung (einschliedlich der 10 monatigen Messungen der aktiven Verwerfung in Kohlengruben)
5. Kohlenabbau
Daraus ergibt sich: Die Ursaches der Bodensenkung in diesern Gebiet liegt unter Eedingung des unterirdischen Kohlenabbaus darin, daβ Verwerfung und Wiederherstellung kettenreaktionsmäβig vor sich gehen. Dazu noch modifiziert wohl die Existenz der bedeckten Ablagerung (Torf-Ton) diese Erscheinung.

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