Geographical Review of Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
Volume 39, Issue 10
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
  • Eiichiro FUKUI
    1966 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 643-655
    Published: October 01, 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. As is widely known, the most striking contrast of climate exists in Japan between the Japan Sea coast and the Pacific side of Japanese mainland. The boundary line dividing these two climatic provinces has been considered to coincide roughly with the water-sheds of the central mountain chains running form the Oo-u Mts, in the north, through central Japan, to the Chugoku Mts. in the west. However, this is not precisely correct and at many parts the influence of the Japan Sea invades far into the Pacific side crossing the central mountain ranges. In order to determine the exact position of this boundary line, these two climates are distiguished by the rainfall types. The Japan Sea type has three maxima including that in winter (Fig. 1.) while the other is characterized by the two maxima in summer and the primary minimum in winter. Japan Sea type thus defined develops along the inner side of the Japanese mainland from Tôhoku in the north to the western end of the Chugoku district. Put it is most distinct between Tsuruga and Aomori with the primary maximum in winter whereas the winter maximum is less than these of summer in the west of Tsuruga gradually decreasing westwards and finally disappears at the northern coast of Kyushu.
    2. Using this criterion, climatic types are determined for the local stations at 1769 places. As is shown by Fig. 3., Japan Sea type is found here and there on the Pacific Side of the Tohoku district and we have fifteen places where the influence of the Japan Sea is invading or spreading into the Pacific slope spilling over the low mountain pass or blowing through the narrow gorges of the transverse valleys (Fig. 4. ) . In the Kantô, Chubu and Kinki districts, we can find such a feature at ten places (Fig. 5. ) and along the Himekawa and Jinzûgawa they reach about fifty kilometre's distance from their water-sheds. Most broad invasion is experienced in the lowland surrounding the Lake Biwa, the northern half of Shiga Prefecture is under the influence of the winter monsoon and the slender tongue-like arm of te cold air extends to Sekigahara through the narrow path at the foot of Mt. Ibuki.
    We have some isolated small areas with distinct type of Japan Sea coast such as at Yôrô (Gifu Prefecture), Mandokoro (Shiga Pref.), Fukusumi (Kyoto Pref.), Toyosaka (Hiroshima Pref.) as shown in Fig. 3. and 4. All of these are at the relatively higher position facing directly to the northwesterly winds which are not disturbed by the uneven land surface bringing much amount of precipitation.
    For the precise determination of the climatic boundary, present available data are not sufficient especially in the mountainland and other supplementary methods are needed for the further study.
    Obtained results by the snow-survey may be partly utilized for this purpose in the snowy regions.
    3. Japan Sea type once disppears at the northern part of Kyûshû and Iki Island, and it is found again at some localities of the Tsushima Islands and along the western coast of Kyûshû including the Goto, Amakusa and Koshiki Islands reaching to the southern ends of the Satsuma and Oosumi Peninsulas (Fig. 8.). Notwithstanding the winter maximum in these regions becomes much faint (Fig. 2.) and is statistically significant merely at the high level of risk, they still maintain some systemtic distribution not disturbed by other irregular causes and we may call this properly the Japan Sea type tendency. In such a way, this pattern is somewhat curious although it develops in far smaller scale and not so distinct and sharp as in the Japan Sea coast proper. This is explained by the transformation of air-mass from the Siberian continent due to the supply of he at and water vapour over the sea surface.
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  • Michio SUZUKI
    1966 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 656-664
    Published: October 01, 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    When the Meiji era began, there occurred drastic religious reformations, such as Shinbutsubunri (the separation of Shintoism from Buddhism) and Haibutsukishaku (the abandonment of Buddhism).
    The priests at Oyama Town, where the famous Acala temple is located, lost the protection given by the Tycoon throughout the Tokugawa Shogunate periods, and were also deprived of their temple-supporters. They found it difficult to get their living.
    The old records of a potent priest there, one of the Murayamas, show that the priests at Oyama Town carried on many kinds of business transactions which had nothing to do with religious activities. The priests could not live on religious services, so they were forced to retail liquor, grocery, footwear, tea, hair oil, and drugs, and to carry on pawn shops and a mutual credit-society, and to rear breeding pigs and silkworms. Some of them worked at the town office, and others taught at school, and became salaried men.
    Those priests who continued religious activities could not buy presents to take to their temple-supporters, so they visited them with a little spill as a present.
    They narrowly continued their religious activities.
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  • Atsuhiko TAKEUCHI
    1966 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 665-679
    Published: October 01, 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Before World War II, Kita Kyushu Industrial Area including Kitakyushu-shi, was one of the four industrial areas in Japan, and it had about 10 percent of industrial production of the whole country. After the War, however, its industrial position in Japan had been declining, and at present, it suppling only 3 percent of the total national shipment. Some important factors which cause these declines of industrial production in Kita Kyushu Area as follows :
    I) In Kita Kyushu Area, main products are supplied by such heavy chemical industries as iron steel……especially Yawata Iron and Steel Company, the biggest in Japan……, fertilizer dye material and cement. And about 75 percent of the whole production in this area concentraled in these limited industries. These heavy chemical industries are originally located in this area with accesibility to Chikuho coal field, and advantage for import of raw material from China. Most of these factories are large in scale and located along the coast having the advantage of marine transportation. But after the War, Kita Kyushu industrial area lost its locational advantage, some of which are mentioned below. 1) Declining of the importance of coal in production of these industries, 2) difficulties of maintaing the trade relationship with China, 3) the shortage of water supply for those industry, and 4) relative decline of demand situation in reference to other industrial areas.
    II) The second factor is that the machine industry, despite of many developing possibilities, did not make itself enlarge in this area. It was brought by the policy of self-contained production system which characterize large plant such as Yawata Iron and Steel Company in this area, hence subcontructive makers which make various kind of material parte are not fully formed as effective production system. It prevents the development of durable consumer goods industries as television, automobile and camera in this area.
    III) The third factor is that this district lacks miscellanious industries producing daily consumer goods, which depend on the demand of Kitakyushu-shi by following two reasons. One is that Yawata iron and Steel Company soaked up many manual labours in this area, and another is that this company create no effective demand for local market and moreover, make no effort to grow such industries in the area.
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  • Toyotoshi MATSUMOTO
    1966 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 680-685
    Published: October 01, 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1966 Volume 39 Issue 10 Pages 686-692_2
    Published: October 01, 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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