The analysis of regional (local) timber markets is important in order to make understood the regional characteristics of the flows of timber. For this reason, the author analyzed the changes of timber supply areas in Miyagi Prefecture in relation to the rapid growth of demand in Sendai timber market.
The results of the analysis are summarized as follows:
(1) The timber supply area of Sendai includes Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima Prefectures, but most of it is made up of the eastern region of Miyagi Prefecture and Sendai City itself.
(2) In the eastern region of Miyagi Prefecture, the sawmills are divided into two groups because of their sales areas. The northern area, which is mainly concentrated in Motoyoshi County, ships most of its timber to Sendai and outside of Miyagi Perfecture such as Tokyo. The southern area, which is located in Ishinomaki City, ships their timber to the small local consuming areas of Ishinomaki and Sendai.
(3) In Ishinomaki City, the largest timber producing area in Miyagi Prefecture, the location of Woodwork Manufacturing Estate for Sendai timber market affected the organization of timber supply. Up to the middle of the 1960's when the Woodwork Manufacturing Estate was established, most of the sawmills were small to medium, in size and used only domestic timber and shipped most their products to local consumers in Ishinomaki. Put, since then, some of the large sawmills and factories in the Woodwork Manufacturing Estate have supplied the imported timber to small to medium sized sawmills in Ishinomaki City and become wholesalers of timber as well. Consequently, some of the larger factories have come to control the small to medium sized sawmills in terms of the supply of imported timber. The existence of a dual structure between the large and the small to medium sized sawmills in the timber industry in Ishinomaki was to be noticed (4) In the Motoyoshi County, where is an abundance of forest resources, most of the sawmills which were established at the ealier stage, and most of their products were supplied to the consumers in Sendai, with a exception of a few small sawmills which met the local demand for timber. But for the past 5 to 10 years, most of the sawmills have started to ship their products to the markets in both Tokyo and Sendai. Owing to the shortage of domestic timber, the linkage with the Sendai market becomes rather unstable recently.
(5) In the case of Sendai City, the size of mills are small, but sawmill operators also perform the function of dealers in timber market. This has been brought by the diversified demand in the market. Thus, it would be appropriate to recognize the sawmills in Sendai as timber dealers rather than as sawmills. They sell timber produced by other sawmill together with their own products. They usually buy timber and deal with sawmills in Motoyoshi and Ishinomaki in the wholesale market in Sendai. In addition to these another feature of sawmills in Sendai is based on the fact that most of mills are located in such a conjested urban area that they cannot meet the rapid growth in demand for timber.

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The present paper attempts to consider three farm types by the analysis of four farms in the Patos Basin of the inland Paraiba State on the basis of the results of the field research, which was conducted from December, 1972 to January, 1973. It intends to build models of the main farm types in Sertao, the semi-arid region in the inland Northeastern Brazil.
The main types of agricultural management in the Patos Basin may be divided into fazenda, sitio and vazante. It goes without saying that the a fazenda contains sharecrop farming within the farm. The authors described about samples of these three types of farms. However, it is almost impossible to expect that every individual sample to be identical with the model of one of the three types. Therefore, they tried to generalize and “Present model of these management types” utilizing the knowledge obtained through observations and information on some other examples, articles and first hand interviews with many well-informed people about these matters.
a) Fazenda
Land of fazenda is mainly used for grazing cattle and its farm size is 2, 000 3, 090 hectars. Five to ten per cent of this farm are cultivated. The cultivated land is divided into the land under the direct management of the fazendeiro and the land tilled by sharecroppers. The size of the former is 30_??_100 hectares and that of the latter for an individual sharecropper is 5_??_10 hectares. The former is usually under the control of the manager of fazenda. Farming is chiefly done by commuting laborers, sharecroppers and seasonal laborers employed at harvest times. A contract of sharecropping usually involves duty labor. The raising of livestock is carried out by vaqueiro. There are many fazendeiros who have tractors and trucks lately. They have reservoirs for irrigation and drinking water, which are effectively used for controling the sharecroppers. Crops are usually cultivated in flood plains or on gentle slopes of interfluves. The interfluves are gravelly in contrast to the sandy flood plains. Futhermore, the interfluves are dotted with exposed rocks making much of the land unsuitable for cultivation. Perennial cotton (serido variety) occupies most of the cultivated lands in the middle and the lower part of sloping interfluves and in flood plains. All cotton fields are intercropped with crops such as corn, beans or potatoes. While these inter-crops are grown for self-sufficiency, cotton is entirely for sale. Rice is cultivated on either naturally or artificially irrigated lands.
The autors may consider that the fazenda farming is focused on grazing cattle. The manager of fazenda raises 200_??_300 cattle on the caatinga in the rainy season and on cultivated land in the dry season. The fazendeiros has the grazing right on the sharecropped lands after the harvest. Products, for sale from the fields under the direct management are livestock such as cattle, sheeps, donkeys and hogs and cotton and others, of which cattle and cotton are overwhelmingly important. Many of the fazendeiros or members in their families are dealers of agricultural products.
Many of the sharecroppers manage 5_??_10 hectares of fields, most of which are cropped. In addition, they often cultivate several hectares of fire burned fields scattered in the caatinga. Most of the farm works depend on family members, but much of tilling depend on tractors the fazendeiros own. This tendency is becoming marked lately. In general, a sharecropper rents a house, cattle, farming tools and seeds from his fazendeiro. In case of crops, the common condition of tenant farming is either the equal share arrangement or that the landowner takes 60 per cent of the harvest, and in case of cattle the landowner gives a tenant a calf out of the newly born four calves.

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