The first census in Taiwan was held in 1905, but it was not until 1920 when the third census was held that a reasonably accurate demographic figure was obtained. The last census during the Japanese occupation was taken in 1940, but due to the Pacific War, detailed data was not properly arranged. As the post-war political situation was uncertain and for other reasons, the population figures were not so reliable as they were in pre-war days. A simple census was held on September 16, 1956, but, as preparations were not sufficient and trained personnel were not enough, the result was not so satisfactory as had been expected ; probably two yeares more will be needed for the arrangement and statistical work. This study is, :therefore, mostly based on the records of 1920 and 1940. The 1940 record has been obtained from original cards, which were little used by laymen, and, in fact, only one set exists, it is preserved by our Institute. The base maps used in this paper are also compiled by the Office of Cartography in our Institute. Previous to this, there have never been such detailed maps of administrative divisions. The statistical unit used in this paper is mostly the “village”. There were altogether 2, 958 such units in 1940.
Map 4 indicates changes in the distribution of population in Taiwan between 1920 and 1940. Economic development and urbanization are the major factors of such changes. In the respect of increase, there are four main areas: the first area is the urbanized areas which include Taipei, Keelung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Chiayi and Kaohsiung. In all these cities, population increased by far more than double between 1920 and 1940. The second area is the Longitudinal Valley of East Taiwan, which was exploited with great efforts by the Japanese and was inhabited partly by subsidized Japanese migrants. The third area is the northern part of the southwest coastal plain which is tbe largest alluvial fan formed by the biggest river in Taiwan. Here, topography benefits the construction of irrigation systems. With the development of irrigation, the carrying capacity of land is immediately improved; consequently population increases. The fourth area is some of the hilly regions near the central mountains, especially those around the Sun Moon Take. Ln this region population increase is partly related to the establishment of the banana plantations, tea gardens and the completion of the hydro-electric power stations.
In the respect of population decrease, the outstanding area is the hilly land in the northeast corner of Taiwan. Here, natural resources being few, the productivity of land is low; and except for a few terraced paddy fields bordering the small rivers, there is little vegetation cover. Most of the hilly slopes consist of bare rocks. The soil is thin and poor, and even trees grow badly. So this areas is economically unattractive. When the adjacent sea ports of Keelung and Su-o and the mining towns at Shui-fang and Chiu-fen were booming and human labour was needed, the poverty-stricken settlers in this corner then moved out in large groups. Another area where population has shown a noticeable decrease is the Pescadores which is one of the poorest areas not only in China, but in the whole world. Here population long long ago reached its saturation point so each year a considerable surplus population moves to Taiwan proper where population is also already over-crowded. The lately rising of the port of Kaohsiung, in particular, receives the largest quota. Of the population of Kaoh-siung, those from the Pescadores constitute a rather high percentage and also have some influence. The other areas where population decrease are all scattered and formed through local reasons such as the destruction of the irrigation work, construction of the reservoirs, the broadening of military bases and so on.

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In Japan, characterized by the monsoons, a striking contrast can be found with respect to the climatic conditions especially in winter, between the regions along the Pacific and the Japan Sea coast.The winter monsoon brings forth much snowfall and cloudy weather in the latter region, while the fine weather prevails in the former.
The main purpose of this study is to find out where the winter weather divide most frequently appears in the Chûgoku Region, and to add some considerations to the obtained results. This survey was taken in the winter months from 1953 to 1955.
A weather divide can be distinguished by the fact that the weather is quite different from each other at the two adjacent points. Therefore, to draw a distribution map of the weather divide frequency, the following method was adopted: (1) Two points adjacent to each other are linked with a straight line on a map (Fig. 1) . (2) Frequencies of the divides during the period concerned are obtaind for every line. (3) The obtained values are reduced to an unit distance (12km), and those numerical figures are written at the middle point of each line. (4) In this way, two distribution maps showing the frequency of weather divide can be obtained. One is a map with respect to the divide between cloudy and snowy weather (Fig. 2), and the other, between fine and cloudy weather (Fig. 6).
I. On the divide as a southern limit of the precipitation area-Fig. 2-: (1) Two types of the precipitation area expansion can be classified in this region except its eastern district. One is commonly found in the northern half, with a tendency to expand southward from the Japan Sea coast-line, and the other is the mountain-area entirely separated from the coast. (2) When the former type predominates, the precipitation area invades into the Seto-uchi district, over the saddle of the mountain range (Fig. 3, h), and its southern limit coincides with (O-P). On the contrary, the latter type appears along the mountain range, having no relation with this saddle topography. (3) In both cases, the divide is apt to appear on (Q-R) and (M-N) in its eastern and western parts respectively. (4) Usually the precipitation area in the eastern district, limited by (Q-R), covers the whole Tottori Pref., extending from the Japan Sea coast-line to the Chfigoku mountain range (Fig. 4 shows the ferquency of precipitation when the divide appears on Q-R). (5) This precipitation area is often a part of that area covering the whole San-in district, or it is observed exclusively in Tottori Pref., and sometimes it comes out just at the same time as the appearance of precipitation area enclosed in the mountain-land of the western half of the Chiigoku Region. (Fig. 4). (6) With regard to the coastal districts along the Japan Sea, precipitation is more frequent in the eastern section than the middle and western parts, and marked difference in the frequency is found between Tottori and Shimane Prefectures.Thus a climatic sub-divide can be drawn along the border between these two prefectures.
II. On the divide as a southern limit of the cloudy weather-Fig. 6-:(1) The divide appearing on (E-D) is apt to expand to (B-A), with no divide occurring on (CE). (2) When it appears on (C-E), the NW monsoon prevails over the Chagoku Region, therefore the position of (C-E) is on the lee side of the mountain range (a-b). Fig. 7 shows the frequency of cloudy weather with the divide on (C-E). In this case, the W_??_NW wind has a tendency to bring forth a fine weather in Hiroshima (Fig. 8) (3) The cloudy weather area in the northern half of the region expands into the Seto-uchi district over the saddle of the mountain range (h), and its southern limit is often located on (E-H) (4) Its eastern limit varies with its position, while, the divide existing on (I-K) is commonly an eastern limit of the cloudy weather over the hilly area (f). Fig. 10 shows the frequency of cloudy weather when the divide exists on (I-K).

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Toyonaka City is situated in 10km. Jo-north of Osaka City, and, as a satellite city, it has developed since the opening of the electric railroad in 1910, which connects Osaka to Takarazuka via Toyonaka. Thus, in 1937 the city was municipalized combining its neighboring villages. In addition to the fact that it has made a remarkable development, the characteristic feature is that it is a residential quarter for the brain workers who have their jobs in Osaka. An analysis of its inhabitants, that is, the comparison of the drifting aspect of the city to those of all other cities in Japan gives the following characteristic points:-
(1) The investigation of the previous residences of the immigrants in Toyonaka gives the ratio how many out of 100, 000 of the population of each prefecture drifted into the city. On the supposition that this ratio has relation to the distance between their previous prefectures and Osaka City the following formula may be applied:-
Y=ae^-bx
Y=ratio of drifting population
x=distance from Osaka to each pref. (km.)
e=base of natural logarithm
a. b=constants
Setting up a borderline on Osaka to divide Japan in two parts-the east and the west, the value of “b” in each part approximates and the ratio of “a” in the east to that in the west is 1:2.4. The low ratio of “a” in the east shows that there are such big cities as Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya and Kyoto, and they exercise influential power of absorbing population. If we calculate the value of “Y” by divi ding each of the two parts in three drawing lines parallel to the insular arc, the value at the short distance is high in the Japan Sea area and at the long distance it is high in the Pacific Coast area.
(2) 50% of the inhabitants of Toyonaka consists of the settlers from other prefectures. The city has a very high ratio of drifting population for a city of 70, 000 in population, and equals Osaka in this point. This differs from the theory of H. Carey on the drift of population. In addition, it ts indicated as an exceptional aspect that the drift to the city covers a nation-wide area.
(3) The absorbing phenomenon of population of Toyonaka, as it is indicated in (2), is supposed to have the cause chiefly in the kinds of occupation. Therefore, to get the mean value of the drifting distance of the youth (12-25 of age) classified in their occupations, the writer picked up the three different areas in Osaka Pref. -productive, trading, and consuming. (each area must have the high ratio of population-at least more than 50% in each class). Through this work the ratio of the distance from the previous prefectures is shown as follows:-
Consuming Productive Trading (4) From the result in (3) it is defined that in Toyonaka the mean age of the youth and their school careers are high.
(5) Through the investigation of the territorial ratio of drifting population of each prefecture the writer has the conclusion that Toyonaka excels Osaka in the universality of the drifting in spite of its being a small satellite city, and that this fact results from the high ratio of the consuming population of the youth whose school careers are high, and high ratic of the mean age of the youth whose previous residences cover a wide area.

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The region that is contiguous to the Sea of Okhotsk in Hokkaido is a tract of land covering Cape Notsuke, by way of Cape Shiretoko to Cape Soya. In this thesis, however, Wakkanai is also included.
There lie three cities, nine towns, and three villages in this region, and about 5, 000 families of fishermen are living depending upon the Sea.
1. STATIONARY FISHING:
Salmon and trout fisheries are done in this method, which excel in Shari and in Shibetsu. Especially the fishermen of Utoro in Shari depend upon this stationary fishing, and in the fishing season they move, to Shiretoko Peninsula, to the north of Utoro, to fish.
2. CO-OPERATION FISHING:
This is cheifly practised in gathered tangle and catching hairy-crab.
The tangle is called Rishiri tangle, and is grown on the rocky shore of Wakkanai and Rausu.
As the fishing season approches, in Rausu they move to the northern part of Shiretoko Peninsula hairy-crab pot fishery is practised on a huge continental shelf lying in front of the coast from Tokoro to Hamatombetsu. Omu, Esashi, and Mombetsu excel in their catch because of their convenient location. 3. PERMISSION FISHERY:
In this, scallop dredge fishery, saury stick-held dip net fishery, one-boat medium trawl fishery, dog fish drift line fishery are chiefly included.
The fishing-places of scllops are the continental shelf off the coast of Kitami and C. Notsuke and its cheif producting districts are Yubetsu, Tokoro, Abashiri, and Esashi.
The cheif fishing place of saury stick-held dip net fishery is the offing Mombetsu, and the fishermen sail out fishing from Abashiri and Mombetsu as thier bases.
Fishing season being late, the fleets of vessels belonging to the Pacific Ocean also take part in it.
One-boat medium trawl fishery is done to catch pollacks, cod, lockingtons, sharks on the huge continental shelf covering off the coast of Tokoro to Sakhalin, and their bases are Abashiri, Mombetsu, Esashi, and Wakkanai.
Abashiri and Tokoro excel in dog fish drift line fishery and its fishing-places are near the isobathyic line of 200 metres. But in late autumn sharks being near thes hore and living on the bottom of the sea, they fish with one boat medium trawl fishery.
4. SECTIONAL FISHERY:
This is done in gathering oysters in Lake Saroma in under-water method, and gathering immatured scallops. Fishermen depending upon Lake Saroma amount to 320 families.
5. Regional figures of sea products are as follow: one is the large producting district having many kinds of fish and the other is a small producing district having a few kinds of fish. To the former belong Rausu, where maltiple manegement is practised, Abashiri, Mombetsu, Esashi, and Wakkanai, where off-shore fisheries chiefly practised: and to the latter the other regions. 6. The distribution of fishing boats is as follows; (a) region which has a large number of fishingboats, (b) region which has a small number of fishing boats.
The former is the region where ships are improved to be large and modernized, and the latter is not. And these agree to each region mentioned in the last section.
In short, the fisheries of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk are, in the eastern parts, coastal fishing based on the base of continental shelf as its fishing place.

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