The Folding-Screen Picture of the Hizen Nagoya j o (Castle of Hizen Nagoya) indicates a spectacular scene of Nagoya in 1593 (2th year of Bunroku _??_). The following phenomena are to be understood from this folding-screen picture and other related data.
(1) Inside one gate, there was a group of several staff retainers' (samurai) houses. This group was a feudal mass (shû _??_) whose chief (yorioya _??_) assumed leadership. The present writer calls this feudal group (shûteki-kaoku _??_) or residence group. Shutekikaoku groups constituted a retainers' town called samurai-machi _??_ located near the castle. A shuteki-kaoku group was originally a characteristic phenomenon of the Sengoku castle town, but the appearance of samurai-machi was an element of the feudal castle towns.
(2) Jin'ya _??_ of Nagoya was made by the feudal lords (daimyô _??_). Jin'ya functioned as the base for the corps, and a residential house group as well. Important structures in jin'ya was the daimyo's residence and many dignitary retainers' houses lay near in a group. Since the formative principle of this kind of group is based upon the master-servant relation, the present writer calls it a zokudanteki _??_ rikj residence group. These feudal groups existed as small military towns forming units of corps as well. This was also one of the characteristic phenomena in the sengoku castle towns. On the whole, jin'ya of Nagoya held both residential and military roles because of the prolonged war when TOYOTOMI Hideyoshi sent force to Korea (1592-1598).
(3) The center of the town located in front of the Nagoya Castle. Such street names as Hyôgoya _??_ and Akaneya are some remains of this center. Many streets were built on account of the military demand during the war of Korea. In other words, Nagoya was a town formed for the purpose of the military, economic production and the military economic circulation.
Owing to the character of a military town, the townscape of Nagoya was artless and the town planning was very imperfect. Moreover, frequent appearances of the streets with the same 'business people depended largely upon the fast developing military town.
We can recognize a few survival phenomena of a castle town and incipient phenomena of a feudal castle town in Nagoya. Bunroku _??_ period was the transitional one between Middle Ages and Feudal Ages. In Nagoya, both phenomena was standing side by side, but not harmonized as one town. Nagoya in Hizen showed a good example of those relations.
Hizen Nagoya was the greatest military base from 1592 to 1598. The military factors were so dominant that other factors were subordinated. In the strict sense, Nagoya in Hizen was not a castle town, but a great military base town with a castle.

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The objectives are two in this paper. First, if, for example, one was to take an industry classified under a 3 digit code number in the system of classification of industries, what would be the mutual relationship between the 4 digit code numbered industries which are classified with that industry ; what would be their spatial distribution. The second is to concretely examine how the regional structure of the 3 digit knitting industry (_??_) is undergoing change today within the fiber industry (_??_) which has a 2 digit code number (20) and how it might be influenced in its regional distribution by the industries with 4 digit code numbers. This paper studies the aforementioned two problems by comparing the regional structure of the knitting industry in the Kinki region (_??_) of Japan and the Atlantic Coast region of the United States.
The knitting industry of Japan has been centered on such great cities as Tôkyô, Ôsaka and Nagoya and has continued to expand into their surrounding areas, utilizing the surplus labor supply from the nearby farm villages.
In the case of the Kinki region, the knitting industry, while focussing on Ôsaka, is mainly distributed in the prefectures of Nara, Wakayama and Hyôgô, and in each of these prefectures the industry shows a high degree of spatial concentration. Grouped by type of industry (4 digit code number), the hosiery (_??_) industry is concentrated in Hyogo, the weft-plain knit (_??_) in Osaka, the knit-sewing (_??_) industry [within the circular knitting (_??_) industry] is concentrated in Ôsaka, and the knit fabric (_??_) industry is concentrated in Nara and Wakayama prefectures. Wakayama prefecture is particularly lacking in the makers of the knit-sewn products, but it has developed a specialization, the manufacture of circular knit fabrics (_??_). The makers of the latter depend on the wholesalers of Ôsaka for the threads used in weaving and then deliver back the knit fabrics to the wholesalers or to the knit-sewing companies, which also are found mainly in Ôsaka. Most of the knitting industries of Nara, Wakayama and Hyogô, whatever the kind of products they manufacture, have continuted to maintain ties with the wholesalers in Ôsaka, and their production and flow structures are strongly connected with Osaka.
Before World War II, reference to fiber (_??_) products usually was limited to woven (_??_) fabrics. However, in the post-World War II period, with the high rate of economic growth of the 1950's, the knitted (_??_) goods industry developed very rapidly. If its development is viewed in terms of the threads used for weaving (_??_), then it made a transition from cotton to silk and wool and then to jersey. Jersey here refers to that knitted fabric used for the making of outer garments. In recent years, jersey fabric is made mainly from synthetic fibers by the use of the circular knitting machine. Thus the knitted fabric has changed from the use of cotton thread to synthetic threads and from their use for the making of undergarments to outer garments. In another direction, the circulation or flow of the knitted fabric strongly reflect the influence of firms having major brand names and of the general trading companies. The so-called “revolution” in the circulation pattern has been the trend towards the elimination of the traditional wholesalers, who had acted as the middlemen, and their replacement by large-scale enterprises, such as the aforementioned major brand name firms and trading companies. These large-scale enterprises depend upon volume sales through the expansion of their chain of stores and outlets and take advantage of large-scale centralized purchasing. They have also reduced the number in the variety of the same type of goods for sale and instead have emphasized quality; in other words, the trend is towards the promotion and sale of high quality goods on a large scale.

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Sand ripples formed by oscillatory flow under waves have interested many researchers in hydraulics, and the hydraulic conditions for their formation havee been examined by using small scale experimental wave tanks. The results of these studies, however, are insufficient to explain the hydraulic conditions for the formation of many kinds of the ripple types under natural conditions, which have been described by physical geographers and sedimentologists, because the experimental studies have been concerned almost exclusively in the most simple ripple type, that is, a parallel type of ripples.
The authors tried to examine some hydraulic conditions for the formation of various types of ripples by the observations and measurements in a real field.
A series of observations was made from 19th to 22nd of July, 1969, on the shallow sea bottom of the Tatado Beach, Shimoda City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Central Japan. This coast is a sand beach with a length of 500 m and faces southwards directly to the Pacific Ocean. An observation range, along which observations and measurements of ripples, waves, and bed materials were made, was established perpendicularly to the shore line through the middle part of the beach (Fig. 1). The bed materials sampled along the range were medium sands (0.24mm in median diameter) with high content of shell fragments and did not show any certain tendency of size distribution and sorting along the range (Figs. 2 and 3). Keeping pace with the measurements of wave and tide conditions at an observational tower, observations of ripple forms were carried on by skin divers from shore to the point about 6 m in depth along the range, at intervals of one to two hours.
The ripples here were classified into following ripple types based on the patterns of their crests and troughs and also on the relations between the directions of ripple crests and of surface wave ridges. 1) Parallel type (Type P). This type of ripples shows regular alternation of ripple crest and trough lines parallel to those of surface waves. This type may be subdivided into long crest parallel type (Type Pl) and short, sinuous crest parallel type (Type Ps). 2) Diagonal type (Type D). This type includes various patterns of ripples which have the crest lines diagonal to the wave ridge lines. Usually, this type of ripples consists of a set of ripple crest lines which cross each other, and are also subdivided generally into two types, long crest diagonal type (Type Dl) which reveals a ladder-like pattern, and short crest diagonal type (Type Ds). 3) Lunate type (Type L). This type shows lunate-shaped depressions with an offshore-faced convex arch. They are arranged discrepantly each other on a flat sea floor. Cross profiles in the off-and onshore direction of the depressions show a distinct asymmetrical form, that is, gentle offshore-faced slope and steep onshore-faced one.
Three-dimensional forms of some typical ripple patterns were measured by the “comb method” which uses an apparatus shown in Photo 1, and contour maps of the ripple forms were shown in Fig. 4.
By the repeated observations of the ripples at regular time intervals, it was made clear that these ripple types were always arranged towards the shore in the following regular order: parallel type, diagonal type and lunate type, and that their zone of occurrence fluctuated in such a general trend as they retreated offshore when waves increased in height or tide level dropped, and vice versa (cf. Fig. 5 and Table 1). This might indicate that each type of the ripples is formed closely in response to the water movements on the sea bottoms under the surface waves.
Some hydraulic conditions for the formation of each ripple type were examined. During the observation period on the Tatado Beach, it was seen that the wave form in the offshore zone showed a transformation by shoaling.

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Present status of air pollution in the urban areas in Japan and its historical change is described in this paper. The air pollution is resulted mostly from the combusion of fossil fuels, e. g. factories, thermal power plants and motor vehicles. Particularly in recent years, rapid social and economic development of Japan has resulted the concentration of population and industry, and accelerated the air contamination in major cities and their sorroundings. The main pollutants, contained in the polluted air, are dust, sulphur oxide and oxidant.
Figure 1 shows the major polluted areas, where the special release limits of pollutants decided by the Air Pollution Control Law. The highly concentrated pollution develop in the metropolitan areas are Southern Kanto District, Central Kinki District, and Chukyo District. The inscribed numbers in Figure 1 are expressed in order of the value of smog index, which was calculated by the following equation:
Smog index=AB/1000
where A; concentration of particles in the air, such as soot, and B; concentration of sulphur oxide in the air (unit: μg/m³). The indicles in the varions cities are as follows: 1. Amagasaki (36.2) 2. Osaka (34.9), 3. Tôkyo (31.2), 4. Yokkaichi (29.4), 5. Kawasaki (29.0), 6. Suita (24.7), 7. Sakai (24. 1), 8. Higashiôsaka (20.0), 9. Kyôto (19.2), 10. Yao (18.8), 11. Kôbe (14. 1), 12. Toyama (13.9), 13. Kitakyûshû (13. 1), 14. Moriguchi (12.2), 15. Tôkai (12.2), 16. Nagoya (11.9), 17. Kisarazu (11.7), 18. Ichihara (11.2), 19. Izumiotsu (11.0), 20. Funabashi (10.8), 21. Himeji (9.0), 22. Kurashiki (8.7), 23. Takasago (7.7), 24. Fukuyama (7.5), 25. Ube (7.3).
Recent changes of air pollutants are illustrated in Fig. 2: (a) Dust deposits, (b) Sulphur oxide. (A: Tajima, industrial area of Kawasaki, B: Nakahara in resident area of Kawasaki, C: Kitakyushu City, D: Amagasaki City.) Most of the industrial cities show a peak of dust deposits from 1960 to 1965, and has been decreased afterwards. Figure 4 shows the distribution of dust deposits in Tokyo and Kawasaki region in 1961, when this area was under the worst condition of air pollution. Circle represents the amount of dust deposits and the shadow parts indicate an insoluble matter such as soot and clay. The extraordinary polluted area corresponds to the industrial region.
Figure 3 indicates the results of implement of environmental standard, relating to air pollution given by the Basic Low of for Environmental Control during the period from 1967 to 1970. Type A and B: This standard could not be maintained during the period, especially the former was far from this standard. Type C is the cities where the standard could be implemented at first period, however, afterwards it exceeded. Type D is the inverse of Type C. Type E is the cities where the standard could maintained during the whole poriod. Briefly speaking, highly polluted area such as metropolitan areas and some industrial and chemical cities belong Type A and B. Newly urbanized cities belongs to Type C.
Concentration of air pollution is greatly affected by local climate, that is characterized by local wind systems. Two examples are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 in Osaka and its adjacent area. The first one shows the time change of concentration of sulphur dioxide relating to the movement of the sea breeze front in summer. Highly polluted area situated in the inland area close to the sea breeze front. The latter example represents air pollution and local wind systems in winter in the same area and its surroundings. Os, Ko, Ta, Ky and Wa indicates Cities of Osaka, Kobe, Takasago, Kyoto and Wakayama, respectively. The cities located on the coastal area are influenced by land and sea breezes, on the other hand, inversion in the morning is the most important factor of the occurrence of air contamination in the cities in the basin like Kyoto.

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The purpose of this paper is to measure daily changes of the longitudinal profiles of the beach. The investigation was done at Hiratsuka Beach in Kanagawa prefecture during the period from Aug. 22, 1968, to Aug. 29, 1968. The seven measuring lines of the longitudinal profiles were set up at the interval of 150m. to 290m. along the shoreline.
Along the measuring lines, the highest points reached by sea-water in Aug. 21 were determined, and timbers (3.7×4.4×180.0cm) were hammered into the ground to a depth of about 1.5m. at the interval of 2m. from each highest point to the sea. These stakes were called measuring points, and the heights of these stakes were measured at 8, 12, and 16 hrs.
The result of the measurement is as follows:
The vertical change (cm/4h) of the measuring points tends to increase from land side to sea side. Thus, it is shown that difference of vertical change at the measuring points is caused by the different scalc of tractive force which exerts on the beach-face. The tractive force (τ₀) is given by the following formula:
τ₀=wRI where R is hydraulic radius and I is gradient.
Then, the domain of R and I which determines τ₀ is examined at the measuring points. As a result of the examination, gradient (I) has no differences among the measuring points. Accordingly, it is supposed that the difference of the vertical change (cm/4h) at the measuring points is determined by the difference of the hydraulic radius (R).

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