The establishment and activities of the Takatana Farm Management Association, and the effect of rice-production control on it were studied. From these analyses, a general modell of rice-producing cooperatives in the metropolitan areas was made. The writer pointed out that this model is applicable to the ricep-producing cooperatives prevailing in the Nishi-Mikawa plain. Then, he considered the factors and conditions which contributed to the reorganization of rice-producing cooperatives. The following are the results of the analyses.
1. The Takatana Farm Management Association, which consists of eleven farm households, caretakes paddy fields which are entrusted by part-time farmers through the Agricultural Cooperative. The Takatana Farm Management Association caretakes one half of the area devoted to rice in the town of Takatana which contains 368 farm households. Selfsupporting farm households play the main functions of the association. The increase in number of farm households with a side job in an attempt to reduce or abandon rice production was one of the reasons for the establishment of the association. Conditions are rather favorable for the association to operate because the agreed-upon period is long (five years). Moreover, the charges for caretaking paddy fields are 1.5 hyo (90 kilograms of rice) per 10 are (the average rice-production per 10 are is 7.5 hyo), with no charges for fallow lands. The second plan to reduce acreage of paddy fields by granting subsidies to change the crop has not given much difficulty for the operation of the Agricultural Management Association. Thus, the model of rice-produing cooperatives is applicable to those in the outskirts of a city where leased paddy fields are abundant.
2. There are 20 similar agricultural management association in the city of An jo, and two in the southern part of the city of Toyota. Reorganization of farm households as outlined in the model above is progressing in the Nishi-Mikawa plain.
3. The increase in the number of farmers with a side job, coincidence of the consolidation of farm lands with the introduction of large agricultural machinery and the plan to reduce the acreage of paddy fields greatly contributed to the reorganization of rice-producing cooperatives. The guidance of agricultural cooperatives to benefit local farmers was another important factor which lead to the success of the rice-producing cooperatives.
4. Local environments which were responsible for the establishment of the rice-producingcooperatives include the adjustment of local agricultural practices to the progress of urbanization, , and the traditional cooperative production system practiced in the area known as a Denmarkk in Japan. Another factor was land conditions which became arable land through the Meiji Irrigation Canal.

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The recent changes in rice production in Japan is remarkable. The family labor operation as the traditional unit of agricultural production system is fundamentally changed, and the rice-producing cooperative is now widely spread throughout the country. And this tendency seems to increase more and more in the future.
In this paper, the present writer intends to clarify the trends of rice production by analyzing the programs of rice-producing cooperatives in the suburban areas. Since the number of farmers in the suburban areas have decreased and the number of part time farmers have increased, the number of the farmers who farm out rice production to the rice producing cooperatives have increased. The rice producing cooperatives belong to Agricultural Co operation and have the operators. But in suburban areas, the operators in the region are insufficient, so that Agricultural Cooperation has to employ them from other prefectures. The present writer pays attention to this phenomena and mainly considers the movement of the operators and their origins. As the investigation areas, Fujiidera Agricultural Coope ration and Izumiotsu Agricultural Cooperation located near Osaka city are taken, and these Cooperation are examined and compared.
Fujiidera Agricultural Cooperation employs the operators from Mie prefecture. But the cost of rice production is above sales price because of the high wages of the operators. This makes the continuation of the program difficult. As compared with it, Izumiotsu Agricultural Cooperation employs the operators from Fukui prefecture where their wages are low, so that the cost gets lower and this program brings about good result. Observing this point, the present writer clarified the importance of the differences of wages among regions for the continuation of the program.

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In this symposium, we intended to clarify the following five problems.
1. The patterns of industrialization in rural areas and their regional variations.
2. The relations between the regional characteristics of rural industries and their mar kets or circulating systems.
3. The influences of industrialization on agriculture in rural industrial areas.
4. The influences of industrialization on social rerations in rural communities of industrial areas.
5. The history of the industrialization policies in rural areas, and the role of these policies to the modernization of the rural communities.
Concering these problems, five reports were given. (1) KITAMURA, Y. (Toyo Univ.): The distributions and the classifications of rural manu facturing industries in Japan. (2)AOYAGI, K. (Thhoku Univ.) : The pickled vegetables industry in Yokote basin in the Thhoku region. (3)KUSAKABE, T. (Ashikaga High School): The relationship between farming and subcon tract textile works operated by farmers- the case study of the Ashikaga textile (for domestic use) manufacturing area
(4)MATUDA, M. (Odawara Jonai High Schopl) : The role of seasonal workers from rural areas during winter, and the supplying systems of those workers-the case study in Matsushi ro-machi, Niigata prefecture -
(5)MURAKAMI, M. (Hiroshima Univ.): The changing characteristics of rural communities where manufacturing factories were newly located-the case study of the rural settele ments in the Chugoku highland region.
We had the free discussion about those reports and comments. (MURATA, K. and UKITA, T. chaired) The following points were main issues.
(1) Justification of the stud areas.
(2)elationships between the disintegration of farmers and the manufacturing industries.
(3)Relationships between the industrialization in rural settlements and the social re lations in rural communities.
(4) Criteria used as measures of the effect of industrialization in rural areas.
(5)Influences of the manufacturing industries on rural settlements.

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The purpose of this symposium was to discuss the problems of geographical education, especially in primary and secondary schools. That was pointed out during the symposium of 1977, titled “PROBLEMS OF GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION”. The participants in this symposium were made up of seven reporters and two commentators. The papers presented by these reporters are as follows:
ISHITOBI, K.: Geographical education in Kenya.
UMEMURA, M.: Curriculum development for geographical education in the United King dom.
KOJIMA, A.: A reexamination of the teaching of world geography.
IWAMOTO, H.: On the imaginary environment of “community” in a children's mind.
KOMATSU, T. and MOCHIZUKI, H.: The ability of understanding of the world by children returning from abroad.
KUBOTA, T.: A study on the evaluation of geographical education.
YAMAGUCHI, Y.: A study on the curriculum for geographical education in normal colleges. On these papers, the commentators posed challenging questions, made constructive comments, and led the discussions with attendants. The discussions were focused on the following points:
1. The relationship between the new subject of “modern society” and geographical education.
2. Methodological studies for the introduction of cultural geography into geographical education.
3. Methodological problems of social studies and geographical education.
4. Curriculum development and textbooks.

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It was the first geographical symposium on snow and life held in snow country of Japan. The purposes of this symposium were to clarify the climatological features of snowfall and the distribution of snow accumulation, to deal with the relations between snow and rural/ urban communities, and between snow and recreation, electricity, transportation, and architecture, and to discuss the countermeasures for snow damage. From these discussions we intended to explain the characteristics of snow country and their changes through time. The following fifteen papers were presented:
SHITARA, H.: The distribution of snowfall in Japan.
KUROSAKA, H.: The visible image from the meteorological satellite and snow in the Japan Sea.
YOSHIDA, Y.: The snowfall on the mountain areas during the winter, 1978-1979.
FUKUORA, Y.: Snowfall and micro-topography.

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