A chronological study in the seasonal variation of mortality since 1900 in Japan reveals the existence of some quantitative regularities in human mortality as first discovered by J. Graunt (1620-74): 1) Deaths occurred most frequently in the hot months (summer concentration) late in the 19th century, 2) the summer peak steadily flattened, on the other hand mortality gradually increased in winter in the first decades of the current century (bimodal variation curve with the steady transfer of peak from summer to winter), and 3) the winter summit has been getting higher as contrasted to the disappearance of summer time maximum (winter concentration) in the past decades. The writer thus concluded temporarily that deaths might take place increasingly in the cold months in proportion to the development of human culture.
The writer's further studies reveal similar regularities in vital statistics of 10 odd countries. In the West European countries, the death peak now is seen in winter, though chronological changes differ from those of Japan. In contrast, deaths occur most frequently in the hot months in Egypt. No country with the bimodal curve is yet found probably because vital statistics are unavailable for most newly-rising countries. In the United States and the Scandinavian countries, be it noted, signs of “deseasonality” of mortality are seen: the influence of seasonal changes upon deaths is apparently disappearing. In this paper, the writer wants to put particular emphasis on this new phenomenon or chronologically the fourth stage of development which every country may reach sooner or later, though with some different features of its own.
I Changes in Seasonal Disease Calendars According to the seasonal disease calendars prepared by the writer, deaths from diseases took place most frequently in summer in the last decades of the 19th century in Japan. Even old age ailments took a heavy toll twice a year or in summer and winter. A change began to appear in the 1920's, and a complete turnover occurred in the postwar pattern of seasonal disease calendars: most of the diseases caused frequent deaths in the cold months, whereas dysentery and enteritis alone raged in the hot months. In one word, mortality got concentrated in winter.
For international comparison, seasonal disease calendars are prepared for some countries for which mortality statistics by disease are available. In England and Wales, the winter concentration of mortality was prominent in the 1950's, and this was the case with France, Germany and Denmark though some special features were seen for each of them. Strikingly contrasted to this pattern was the very high summer peak of mortality for Egypt. The United States, however, shows little indication of the winter concentration.
From the foregoing, it might well be concluded that the summer concentration of mor tality gradually turned into the winter concentration pattern in proportion to the development of human culture (progress of medical techniques, development of new drugs, improvement of the medical service system, elevation of the living standard, etc.), and that the gap in mortality rate among various disease got wider and wider. Thanks to human efforts for suppression of ailments and improvement of environments, the summer peak steadily flattened whereas the winter summit, if any, has got relatively prominent. It has proved rather easy to overcome the high death maximum in summer, but it appears to be rather difficult to reduce mortality in winter.
II Types of Seasonal Variation of Total Mortality
Total mortality in the 1950's curves up sharply in winter, with a low peak in summer, for England, France, Germany and Italy. A similar curve, summer reversed with winter, exists also for New Zealend in the Southern Hemisphere. For Egypt, on the other hand, a prominent peak appears in the hot months.

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La région comme objet d'étude de la géographie est l'espace s'organisant autour d'un centre: une vile. Les villes constituent une hiérarchic de centres selon l'importance des f onctions urbaines; c'est la structure géographique régionale. Et la structure régionale le plus fondamentae est d'abord élaborée par les rapports entre la ville et la campagne.
L'étude que noes présentons ici ne pretend pas expliquer toute la structure géographique de la région. Elle vise simplement à rechercher quelques aspects fondamentaux de la région: le rôle de la ville daps l'organisation de l'industrie rurale.
Nous aeons fait notre enquête Bans la région industrielle textile du Tokamachi du département de Niigata. Cette région est mal f avorisée par la nature ; les terroirs de plaine sont tres limités et ceux de pays de collines et montagnes tiennent la plupart de la région (fig 1) ; de plus elle est sous la neige pendant quatre mois de l'année. En conséquence, les paysans, daps les terrains cultivés trés restreints, doivent cumuler d'autres occupations aver les travaux agricoles. Plus de 34% des fermes Bans cette contrée fabriquent des étoffes de soie dans les ateliers à domicile. A l'origine, cette contrée était connue comme une région d'industrie textile.
En 1967, les établissements dans la ville, les usines urbaines, ne sont que cent quarante, tandis que plus de deux mile se trouvent dans la campagne. Les usines urbaines se caractérisént par le contraste d'un petit nombre de grandes entreprises et le grand nombre des petites entreprise, qui est reconnaissable au nombre d'émbloyes et à l'importance de l'équipement (Table 1) . Mais dans les deux cas, elles sont des usines indépendantes.
Au contraire, les ateliers ruraux dans la campagne, généralement avec un métier à tisser installé dans une des pièces de la maison rurale, n'a qu'un employe ; membre de la famille exercant le tissage. Ces ateliers sont plus répandus dans les campagnes loin de la ville que dans les campagnes proches de celle-ci (fig 3. et 4). Dans ces dernières les paysans-ouvriers préferent se rendre à leur travail dans la ville.
Cependant, les ateliers ruraux soot subordonnés aux usines urbaines. Celles-ci leur distribuent la matière première (filés de soie), leur louent assez souvent même les métiers à tisser et se chargent enfin de collector les produits finis enéchange de frais de tissage. Nous avons analysé comment les ateliers ruraux sont liés aux usines urbaines. Les trois plus grandes entreprises de cette contrée louent largement leurs métiers (50% de métiers dans la campagne) aux fermes de cette contrée. Elles dominent respectivement leur espace autour du siège de chaque entreprise (fig 5). Les usines urbaines (y compris les petites usines) constituent le rayon d'infiuence dans la campagne et organisent l'espace. Ainsi, les ateiers ruraux sont sous la dependence plus ou moins étroite des capitaux urbains, et la campagne est donc exploitée par la vile.
En géneral, l'industrie rurale décline rapidement au jourd'hui ; les villes devienent le lieu d'élection. Mais dans cette contrée l'industrie se développe de plus en plus daps la campagne. L'explication en est simple: les salaires pratiqués dans les campagnes sont inférieurs à ceux de la vile, et l'industrie rurale est un moyen de compenser l'insuffisance de main-d'oeuvre dans la vile. On peat voir que l'on a une véritable exploitation des ouvriers.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of how a huge enterprise forms an industrial district. The shipbuilding industry has promoted Japanese industrialization since the Meiji era and needs various subcontact factories around shipyard. It employs a number of regular and part-time workers. It also constructs many company's houses for its employees around Shipyard, thus forming industrial districts.
Aioi City was chosen as the study area for this research, because it is a typical example for the single industrial cities of shipbuilding in Japan. Relations of the developmental stages of shipbuilding industry and regional systems of production with their effects upon the study area are considered. The following four characteristics are fundamental:
1) Change in industrial production and its composition and the ratio of number of employees in shipbuilding industry to all employees in all manufacturing industries in Aioi (Table 1). 2) Relation between the city population change and the shipbuilding production change (Fig. 2). 3) Establishment and expansion of the various subcontract factories (Fig. 3). 4) Expansion of industrial land uses (Fig. 7-1, -2, -3, -4).
The results of this study are summarized as follows:
1) Most subcontract factories were established by retired employees from the shipyard (Fig. 3). Smaller factories have been derived from these subcontract factories recently. Some large subcontract factories have constructed secondary ones in suburbs (Fig. 9). All of these are organized into the shipbuilding industrial district in Aioi. 2) The kind of products in subcontract factories has shown multiplication from simple parts such as bolt and nut to more complicated ones such as wooden product, boiler and tank. This technological development has made possible the construction of larger ships and the introduction of block construction system, thus giving an order for larger body parts in an accelerated manner.
3) Industrial land use of Aioi only saw an expansion of the shipyard itself and the company's houses before 1945. But since 1955, many subcontract factories have increased in number and been newly built in suburbs. Expansion of the shipyard in land use is not conspicuous.
Fig. 12 summarizes the development of Aioi's shipbuilding industry in a diagramatic form.

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Poultry raising, like the dairy raising and fruits, is one of the most noticeable part: in Japanese agriculture after World War II. One of the fundamental characteristics of Japanese poultry were a small scale one as a side job. Recently, however, large scale farms have become popular gradually. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the large scale poultry for egg production, especially in dealing with the process of development and the patterns of enterprise. The main results of field survey at Yokohama, Sagamihara in Kanagawa prefecture and Osaka, are summarized as follows:
In postwar Japan, two developing periods might be recognized in poultry raising. In the first period from 1950 to 1955, poultry raising had spread widely with the increase of feed supply and the demand for eggs. In the second one from 1960 to 1964, poultry raising was introduced for the purpose of increasing agricultural income, as the farmers were forced to improve their farm management. The large scale of poultry farms followed by the technical improvement of raising and the promotion of assorted feed, were established mainly in neighbouring areas of the big cities.
There might be three distinguished types in present management of poultry raising.
The first type This is the most popular type in Japan. Each of the farms raises about from 3, 000 to 5, 000 birds depending on regular household members only. The eggs are sold by farmers themselves or through the agricultural cooperative associations. It was formerly possible that farmers of this type could advance to the second type. However, followed by outflow of labourers employed in farms to urban areas, it has become very difficult to employ labourers for poultry farms.
The second type Although this type is rare in number, it is found near the big cities like Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. Farmers of this type employ some labourers besides the household members and keep about from 10, 000 to 100, 000 birds. Washing and selecting machines for eggs are installed in the farms and eggs are sold in large quantity directly to the retail stores or department stores. The producer's margin are comparatively greaterr in shipment than in the first type.
The third type This type, called cooperative enterprise or joint management, has developed during the last ten years, urged by Agricultural Basic Law. This is a kind of enterprise which the purchase of feed, selling of eggs and occasionally the possession of the equipments are operated jointly: but raising is generally managed individually.
Regarding to the location of poultry raising, both the first and second type have a tendency to be seen near the big cities. However, the third type is found in many districts.

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