One of geographical studies of pioneer settlements after World War II is to clarify how settlers have used their land by adapting themselves to physical envioronments and how the spatial patterns have been constructed by land use, forms of settlement and landownership, and areal organization have developed with the growth of farming and stock raising. In this paper, attempts are made to describe the forming processes of the spatial patterns by synthesize ing the agricultural management, the land use, the forms of settlement and landownership and the areal organization in the pioneer settlements after World War II at the foot of Mt. Nasu and to establish a model to explain the development of spatial patterns.
The foot of Mt. Nasu is situated in the northern Tochigi Prefecture and on the volcanic hilll surrounded by the Kuro river in the north, the Naka river in the south, Mt. Nasu in the west and Yamizo mountain in the east. In this paper, the former Nasu village was selected for the study area. In 1975, 17 post-war pioneer settlements were distributed at the foot of Mt. Nasu. (Fig. 1), and the settlers were practicing dairy farming. As shown in Figure 2, in nonpioneer settlements traditional rice production is a main agricultural activity, while in the post-war pioneer settlements dairy farming is a major agricultural activity. The latter settlements have become the core of dairy farming region at the foot of Mt. Nasu. In these pioneer settlements, Ohya pioneer settlement is the area where dairy farming has been developed most. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the development of dairy farming and the form ing processes of spatial patterns of dairy farming in Ohya pioneer settlement.
By analyzing production changes of main cultivating crops, main raising livestock, the numbers of dairy cattles and dairy farmers in Ohya pioneer settlement, the development processes: of dairy farming in that settlement was divided into four stages; 1) the settling stage, 2) theJ spreading stage, 3) the developing stage and 4) the mature stage.
The first stage (1947 54) is the period that 17 farmhouseholds began the small scale dairy farming. The second stage (1955_??_62) is the period that dairy production increased in contrast with the decrease of the cash crop production. The third stage (1963_??_72) is the period that the number of the dairy farmhouseholds and also the dairy cattle per farmhousehold increased rapidly. The fourth stage (after 1973) is the period that dairy farmers have de-creased in number and the number of dairy cattles per farmhousehold have exceeded over 15.
At the first stage, the settlers selected gently-sloping land to form a agglomerated settlement and to clear the surrounding land first along the roads in cooperation with each other. During this period, the pioneer farmers carried on subsistance farming of upland field crops, and also expanded their acreage under cultivation, producing upland rice, wheat, barley, soy beans, and potatoes. Their farm work changed from cooperative farming to private farming after they had expanded their acreages enough to be self-sufficient. The pioneer farmers, however, were strongly tied up with each other in both sides of daily lives and farming activities through the community organization (Buraku) and the pioneer association (Kaitaku_Kumiai) . When they started the private farming, they began to cultivate cash crops such as radish, seed potatoes and soy beans. At the same time, the settlers tried to increase soil fertility by raising livestocks such as dairy cattle, work horses and work cattle, and by cultivating grasses.
At the second stage, the pioneer settlement became a member of ‘Regional Farming And Marketing Association.’. Land was officially distributed to the settlers with the agglomerated settlement pattern unchanged. However their farmland was dispersed here and there.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and base of the automotive industry's subcontract system in the Ryorno district, Tochigi and Gunma Prefectures. The third-level subcontractors (those of lower stratum, are the very small businesses) of Nissan Mortor Co. Ltd., are the main subject of this study.
In the Ryomo district where the textile industry had developed, the machine industry has developed remarkably since 1965 and now attained an important position equal to the textile industry. The rapid growth of the machine industry increased the number of subcontractors, most of which are related to the automotive industry. This trend resulted from the development of the automotive industry in the northen Kanto area, especially from newly establish ment of assembly factories of Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., in Tochigi Prefecture.
The contents of this paper may be summarized as follows.
1. In the Ryomo case, the business transactions of very small enterprises are taken place not only with the automotive industry, but also with the machine industry, and their trade pat terns are considerably complicated. Thus the business transactions of very small enterprises in this district come to have multi-origin interplant linkage, for example, conducting trade with more than one large company, and the business transactions appear to be similar to those of very small businesses in Tokyo metropolitan area.
In spite of these trade patterns, second-level subcontractors in the automotive industry hold a very large share of business of these small enterprises. Furthermore, second-level subcon tractors appear to exert control over smaller businesses in order to reduce their costs of produc tion. This subcontracting system leads to the multi-origin interplant linkage of smaller busi nesses. It is worth noting that given the overriding influence of the automotive (second-level) subcontractors it is rather difficult for third-level suppliers to stabilize their trading activities through diversification.
2. Certain trade patterns resulted from the aforementioned economic activity, contributed to the unique composition of equipment found in the workshop of these very small businesses. The very small businesses have both machines of high performance and hand operating machines. Unskilled laborers, such as family workers, produce automotive parts by using the former, while skilled workers make more complicated items by using the latter. In addition skilled laborers are usually owner-operators.
3. The purchase structure of such small businesses is also composed of subcontractors (that is, making use of fourth-level subcontractors) and other fellow-traders transactions. The latter is a main form of purchasing of very small businesses. In the case of these transactions, a special purchase and supply system has developed which allows for joint production at the time of peak demand. Through these relationships, the very small businesses manage to cope with the multi-origin interplant linkage of such economic activities, and to avoid, to a certain extent, instability.
4. The very small businesses in this district apear to be sustained by three bases. They are : (a) use of family labor and long working time, (b) fellow-traders transactions between very small businesses, (c) favorable conditions of their locations, which makes the regional agglomeration of the machine industry and possible very small businesses to have the multi-origin interplant linkage.

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In recent years, numerous climatological studies have been made on the basic parameters of urban heat island. However, these parameters of the actual energy exchange in urban environments are not sufficiently understood so far. Very few observations are, in particular, available for the long-wave radiation balance components in urban environments.
Considering a long-wave radiation field as a model, it should be noted that radiatioe energy is basically redistributed on the ground-surface in the rural area, and in the urban area it is redistributed on the roof-level and the ground-surface.
The urban roof-level is exposed to the additional long-wave radiation from the aerosol layer and the warm vertical temperature structure of urban atmosphere besides the background longwave radiation. The urban ground-surface is, moreover, under the influence of the screen effects due to buildings. This suggests that the restraint of radiatioe cooling resulting from the double screen effects on the urban ground-surface is one of the main causes of the urban heat island.
The existence of the screen effects due to buildings on the urban ground-surface can be confirmed in the previous paper (Kobayashi, 1979). The purposes of this paper are to clarify the urban-rural differences for the long-wave radiation balance components on the roof-level, and to discuss the influence of urbanized atmosphere on the long-wave radiation field on the clear night.
Observations were carried out on the roof-level in and around Tokyo on the clear nights of the winter from 1969 to 1970, when the heat island phenomena were developing well. The radiation sensors used in this experiment were polyethylene-shielded net radiometers (C. S. I. R. O., Net Radiometer Model CN-1 and CN-2). Downward long-wave radiation flux (Ri) was computed by
R↓R_N/ε+σT_g⁴ (1)
where R_N, T_g, σ and are net long-wave radiation flux, the measured surface temperature, the Stefan-Boltzman constant and the infrared emissivity respectively. Since all the observation points have the concrete surfaces, a uniform value of ε=0.92 is used in calculating R↓ in and around the city. Observations are restricted to nights, and so the radiation balance equation is expressed in a simple form;
R_N=R↓-R↑ (2)
Upward long-wave radiation flux (R↑) was computed by the equation (2). The results are as follows:
1. The intensity of urban heat island under the condition of the warm-moist polluted atmosphere so called the urbanized atmosphere, in the urban area is about double as much as that under the condition of the clean atmosphere in and around the urban area.
2. The urban-rural difference for the net long-wave radiation (R_N) presents a striking con trast according as whether the urbanized atmosphere exists or not. That is to say, when it does not exist, R_N of the urban area is more than that of the rural area; when it exists the urban area apparently receives a decrease in RN. This is one of the causes of the intensity of urban heat island.
3. When the urbanized atmosphere does not exist, R↑ is a little larger in the urban areaa than in the rural area, but RI is approximately equal in and around the urban area.
4. When the urbanized atmosphere exists, the urban increases of R↑ and R↓ are distinct. The urban increase of RI is especially larger and its average increase amounts to no less than 22. 3 mly/min (6.9%).
5. The causes for the urban increase of R↓ were analysed by using theoretically calculated values and so on.

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