This paper is an economic study of industrial development and a case study of industrialization in Southeast Asia. The fundamental purpose is to explain the character of industrialization to study the specialities by studying the background and process of industrial development in Singapore.
Singapore Island, the smallest and newest independent country in Southeast Asia, has grown into the entrepot trade center in the area since the beginning of the 19th century, and this island has had the importance as a strategic and political center to govern the British colonies in Asia.
Although, after the World War II, Asian colonies achieved their independence, Singapore was still a “Crown State” in 1958. In 1963 it participated in the birth of Federation of Malaysia, and in 1965 it became a “New Independent Country” separated from Malaysia.
Since the 18th century, many Chinese and Indians have filled the gaps between the colonialists and the natives. These immigrants have become new rulers after European colonialists left. In Singapore they have also become political rulers.
In the past decade, the growing sentiments of economic nationalism experienced in the newly independent states of Southeast Asia have together with their economic development slowed down the growth of entrepot trade in Singapore. The stoppage of trade with Indonesia also adversely affected Singapore's entrepot trade.
Up to this time, manufacturing industry in Shingapore was secondary to tertiary industry. Singapore being a free port, manufacturing industries were unable to make goods better in quality and in price than imported ones.
The uncertainty of her future entrepot trade and the rapid increase in her labour population were contributing factors in Singapore's choice to develop by expanding her processing trade. It is interesting to note that this change was undertaken not to increase but to maintain her present standard of living.
The Government enacted the “Pioneer Industries Ordinance 1959” and decided to exempt industries from income tax. Under the First (1961-1964<1965) and Second (1966-1970) Development Plans, Singapore began to build industrial estates at nine places.
The structure of manufacturing industry in Singapore, before the industrialization policy started, had been characterized by concentration on the food, beverage, printing and ship-building industries. Almost all of them were on a small scale, many of them home industries except shipbuilding. The same premises served for processing, selling and family residence.
Some foreign enterprises have been located in this island and they included cigarette making and packing, oil refining and motor cycle assemblage plant…etc.
Total output of industries, however, was less than the output of rubber processing…processing grading, and packing until 1963. Singapore is the biggest collecting center for the rubber materials from Malaya and Indonesia, which are then re-exported to the world market.
Since 1961, 177 firms were granted pioneer status, of these 95 firms were in operation (as in 1965). The main industrial establishment among these firms is oil refining, which ac-counts for 55 percent of total output of pioneer firms, followed by food, metal and machinery groups.
The foreign companies and joing enterprises awarded pioneer certification numbered 69, amongst them 18 firms from Japan, 15 from Hong Kong, 13 from Taiwan, and 9 from U. Kingdom……
The development of pioneer industries was below the target set up by the Government, in particular the rate of operation was only 27 percent of the production capacity. Total out-put of pioneer industries is still unable to compensate for decrease in rubber processing (as in 1964).

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About 50 percent of the electrical machinery production in Japan comes from the Keihin area (Tôkyô, Kanagawa and Saitama Prefectures), surpassing any other concentrated areas of electrical machinery producers such as Ôsaka, Nagoya, Hitachi etc.
The purposes of this paper are 1) to investigate the distribution of electrical machinery industry in the Keihin area, and 2) to make clear the spatial interactions of the manufacturing activities of electrical machinery production.
1) Electrical machinery plants are widely scattered over most parts of the Keihin area, although the majority of the plants are concentrated in the Jônan district and southward, stretching from the Tôkyô Tower to Kawasaki City. Especially concentrated is the southern part of Tôkyô such as Ôta, Shinagawa, Minato and Meguro Wards, where 40 percent of all the plants concerned in the Keihin area is seen. So, the writer gives the name of “core area” to this part of Tokyo.
Even before the last war, most of the factories had been already concentrated in the “core area”. Besides the Jônan district, minor concentrated districts exist only in Musashino, Sumida and Arakawa. However, the industry was originated in the Oinza and Shiba areas and later moved southward to the present location.
2) The electrical machinery manufacturing industry had made a tremendous progress before the war accelerated by the demand from the government and the military, and now practically all sorts of the articles are produced in the Keihin area. Various types of subcontract factories make all qualities of parts and accesories to order. As a result, each plant forms intricate connections with subcontract factories through the purchase and sale of its produce.
The Jônan district has many large factories which have a world-wide fame such as Sony, Toshiba, Fuji and INC. These large plants, however, only assemble parts and accesories produced by their subcontract factories. Most of the parts makers are gathered in the southern Tôkyô, each desiring constant connection with the market formed by the accumulation of various kinds of assembly plants. Most of the factories producing electrical machinery located in the Keihin area also have intricate connections with the plants in the core area concerning the purchase and sale of parts and accesories. So, the “core area” in the southern Tôkyô can be said to be the center of the spatial interaction of the electrical machinery industry in the Keihin area.

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