The summer climate of Kushiro, locating on the coast of eastern Hokkaido, is charac-terized by sea fog, which results in relatively low temperature, high humidity, and insufi-cient sunshine. The sea fog in this district is explained as follows. The prevailing south-erly air flows, which have travelled over the cold sea surface of the NW-Pacific, are cooled from its lower level to form sea fog. The sea fog invades as an advection fog in the Kushlro District.
At eight stations in the Kushiro District (Fig. 1), wind observations with recording windvanes were carried out for three years from 1970 to 1972, for the purpose of air pollution resarches. In the present study, the author analysed the data from May to August for the three years. Some field observations and analyses of winds were made in June and August, 1972. In addition, the observations on wind-shaped trees were made in order to make clear the detailed distribution of the prevailing wind in summer. The results obtained are summerized as follows.
(1) The wind roses for every three hours in a given period at each observation station (Fig. 2-Fig. 6), show that there is a marked diurnal change. Calm and weak northerly winds prevail from mid-night to early morning. In the forenoon, the wind direction changes clockwise from the north to the south (i.e., the beginning of sea breeze). At noon, winds reach its maximum speed. After about 15h, winds become gradually weak or calm, and then are replaced by weak northerly winds. This wind system seems to be a character of land sea breezes.
(2) The sea breeze sets in on the coast first, and then gradually invades inland (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). From the daily records of wind direction and speed at each station from May to August in 1972, frequencies of the onset time of sea breeze are shown in Fig. 9. Fig ure 10 illustrates the relationship between the mean onset time of sea breeze (Ts in hour) and the distance from the coast to the station (D in km). The relation is represented by the following equation
Ts=0.11 D+8.00.
(3) The diurnal change of wind speed at each station is shown in Fig. 11. This figure was made by averages of 26 days in June, 1972. Each station shows a remarkable regularity with maximum in the daytime and minimum early in the morning. The wind speed increases for 4-5 hours after the sea breeze invasion and reaches its maximum nearly at noon.
(4) An observation of wind shaped trees enables the author to draw detailed stream lines in the district (Fig. 12). The stronger wind regions appear in the eastern part of the district, on the north-western slope of the Lake Harutori, west of the Nishi Port and the inland marshy ground (Kushiro Shitsugen). Topographical features, land uses, vegetations and geographical distribution of urbanized areas influence slightly on the wind directions.
(5) Fig. 13 clarifies the relation between the mean wind speed of the prevailing winds in summer at the eight stations and the degree of deformation of wind-shaped trees of larch (Larix leptolepis) near each station. The result is represented by the following equation
Ws=0.51 G1+2.57
where, Ws means mean wind speed (m/sec) of prevailing wind direction at each observation station, GL the degree of deformation of wind-shaped trees of larix.

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In a large city like Tokyo, there are “integrated industrial-residential areas” where small scale factories and residences are compactly mixed. Such areas present many pro-blems from the standpoint of land utilization in a large city. The redevelopment of such areas has come to be one of the most important problems of city planning. When under-taking the redevelopment of such “integrated industrial-residential areas”, it is prerequisite to make clear the regional characteristics by conducting a detailed study. However, up to the present, there has been scarcely any research dealing “integrated industrial-residential areas” In studies of large cities in Japan.
The purpose of the present study is to present the results of field analysis conducted in two areas representative of “integrated industrial-residential areas” in Tokyo. The writer conducted field survey in all the factories in the two selected areas ; namely th Arakawa area in the Joto district (the eastern part of Tokyo) and the Ohta area in the Jonan district (the southern part of Tokyo).
The following are summaries of the analysis of data obtained from the present study.
1. In both areas small factories with less than 30 workers compose more than 90% of the whole factories. Especially in the Arakawa area, very small factories with three workers or less compose more than 40% of all. As for the kinds of manufacturing, in the Arakawa area about 70% are those of the light industry, such as clothing, wood-working, and toy-making. While in the Ohta area, more than 70% are of the machine industry. In both areas, the factories and residences are intermixed irregularly.
2. The factories require various kinds of basic materials and semifinished materials provided by subcontracting factories. All of these suppliers of primary materials and semi-finished materials were located in or in the vicinity of each area. Delivery of finished products were made mostly to establishments located in the same area. Manufacturers which deliver their products to establishments outside their area are comparatively large scale manufacturers. Such manufacturers in the Ohta area deliver their products to establishments in Kawasaki City and Yokohama City, and those of the Arakawa area, to establishments in Ueno, Asakusa, and Kanda districts, where the wholesale merchants are concentrated.
3. Most of the factory owners and members of their families worke in their own factories and many of them live in the factories. Most of the workers also live within the factory compound, if not within the vicinity. It can be said that the factory and its com-pound serve both functions of manufacturing and housing.
In these “integrated industrial-residential areas”, the daytime occupants and the nighttime occupants are the same. The factory is the place of their whole livelihood. Pro-duction and distribution are mostly accomplished within a very limited space. These areas are different from the residential areas of commuting workers where the occupants increase at night, and the business areas or the large plant areas, where the occupants increase tremendously during the day
In order to undertake the redevelopment of areas in a large city, it is essential to pro-perly evaluate the structure and function of “the integrated industrial-residential area” since it makes up an important structural part of the large city.

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Analysing the structure of rural regions as well as nodal regions formed by central places is indispensable in order to comprehend the regional structure in the Edo era. From the viewpoint of spacial structure, this article chiefly aims to analyse the regional organizations among the rural communities in terms of irrigation.
Firstly, with due regard to the process of cultivation and the development of irrigation systems in Tonami District of Toyama Prefecture, the author divided the area into eight regions Region A₁, A₂, A₃, B₁, B₂, B₃, C and D -in compliance with water systems. Secondly, the author examined the regional differences and the interrelations of various factors, i.e., natural conditions, the irrigation policy of the Kaga-han (feudal clan), the scales and the management systems of Yosui (irrigation associations), which were regarded to be related with the irrigation systems.
The summarization of the study or each region is as follows
Region Al on the Shogawa Alluvial Fan had abundant water supply from the Sho-gawa River and was cultivated rapidly at the beginning of the Edo era on account of the political stability, the flood prevention works and the improvement of irrigation systems. The scale of each Yosui was large and had a tendency to be enlarged. Sub-units of Yosui among communities were formed accordingly, and two different levels of managing Yosui possibly developed as a whole. After all, the irrigation system was open in spacial struc-ture and, at the same time, loose in the connection of communities. Further, there were found two other types of irrigation system ; Goko Yosui and Heigo Yosui. In Goko Yosui, a union of Yosui, they cooperated to draw water from the river, and yet each Yosui kept its individuality. In Heigo Yosui, a dominate Yosui annexed smaller or less powerful ones, and the weaker Yosui gradually lost its individuality being finally reduced to a sub-unit.
Region B1 and A2 were similar to Region Al to some extent.
Region C which was irrigated by small rivers or fountains had been cultivated early in the Edo era and maintained its own irrigation system. Since it suffered from water shortage, the irrigation system remained unimproved. The scales of Yosui were small and their areas had not been enlarged. After all, the irrigation system was close in spacial structure and, at the same time, tight in the connection of communities under the strict, traditional regulations of irrigation and cultivation. Both Region A3 and B3 were similar to Region C.
Region B2 and D can be placed between Region Al and C.
Therefore, the spacial structure, the management system and the water right in the irrigation system show remarkable regional differences which were caused by the scale of Yosui, the irrigation policy of Kaga-han and the degree of sufficiency of water supply. Thus, the regional differences correspond closely to the abovementioned regional divisions.

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