Geographical Review of Japan

Traffic Streams of Urban Area

Positive Studies of Kanazawa City. No. 1

K. Koda, K. Sawada

1951 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 65-72
Published: March 10, 1951
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4157/grj.24.65

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The Three Types of the Migration of “Nanbu-toji”

With Special References to Whole-year Migration of Laborers

Chuhei Kawamoto

1951 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 73-78
Published: March 10, 1951
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4157/grj.24.73

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1. The emigration of Saké-brewery laborers from Kitakami valley are called “Nanbu-toji” and their numberr are about 2800 annually.
2. Taking, Shiwfan itsr a as an, example, of the most typical village, there can be descerned three types of migration. The first type is that of semonal migration, who constitute 89 percent of the whole. The second is a type of wandering which may be called a “relational emigration” in which laborers are accompanied by all the members of their. family.
3. The third type is the whole year wan Bering. It is an intermediate type between the two types above mentioned, which constitutes 10 parcent of the whole number. “Toji”, who are the host highly specialized Sake-brewery laborers, constitute the greatest part of the third group and most of then are either the heads of the families or their eldest sons who are res-ponsible for their farms.
4. It is why those important members of the family become migratory laborers, that most of th m are qualified as. “Toji” whose income is much larger than of mere farm-laborer. Nothing but the traditional. reasons have to do with the fact that most of the emigrants of this type belong to the upper class of their agrar community.
5. This type of whole-year migration enables the respective family to arrange their family labor most economically, hence it is the most effective, to promote their standard of living.

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Relation betwwenn the Amount of Soil Losses and Soil Characteristics

The Study on the Soil Erosion. No. 1

Masami Ichikawa

1951 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 79-87
Published: March 10, 1951
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4157/grj.24.79

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The writer's conclusions from his studies on this relation taking Tama Upland as his field, are as follow;-
(1) However complex are the factors to do with.soil erosion, soil factor is greater than other factors, in this region.
(2) The soils from pliocene series (St. 4) have suffered more losses than the Kanto loam soils.
(3) The soil erosion is much severer in cultivated fields (St. 2. 3. 4) than in woodlands.
(4) If the soils are porous, rain easily permeates into them, making them (St. 1. 2. 3) unstable in such a degree as to cause ruin-off and erosion.
(5) The dispersion, ratio is one of the good indicators which determine the resistability to running water. The dispersion ratio of the cultivated soilsespecially St. 4-is largerr than that of others.
(6) The silt dispersion ratio of soils is one of the indicators which determine the resistability against erosion. The larger this ratio, the more are soil particles which are unstable to running water., These soils (St. 4. 2) are more liable to transportation and hence. to erosion.
(7) Generally speaking, the loam soils are more resistant to erosion than soils from pliocene series.

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“Makibatake” or Pastur-fields under Capitalism

The Economic Structure and Disintegration of Island Community. (2)

Toyoji Tanaka

1951 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 88-95
Published: March 10, 1951
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4157/grj.24.88

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The “Makibatake” system was one of the special types of agriculture in feudal Japan. It has been practised in the Oki Islands for a considerably long time during the feudal period for self-support of food. The progress of capitalism, however, made such economic autarchy unprofitable, necessitating the disintegration of the system. The main types of disintegration of the “Makibatake” system are as follows: 1. Shortened cycle of rotation of crops and pasturage, 2. Desolation and dissolution of fields into forests and grasslands, 3. Changes into rice-fields and orchards.
The causes of disintegration are: 1. Disintegration of the economic autarchy, 2. Production of cash crops, 3. Profit of afforestation, 4. Establishmont of private ownership of the land, 5. Troubles in ucommon use as pasture of the private land.

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Village Types of Horonbeil

Tokuji Chiba

1951 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 96-100
Published: March 10, 1951
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4157/grj.24.96

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There are 4 types of villaags in Horonbeil, north-eastern Mongolia, namely those of hunting Orochons, nomadic Mongolians, cultivating Russians, and farming Chinese. They express the influence of natural environment, especially that of humidity and its vast area upon the inhabitants' primitive mode of living. The application of mechanical energy proves another possibility of mining and urban life, which is shown in Zabaikalia, another part of Northeastern Mongolia.

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[title in Japanese]

1951 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 101-104_1
Published: March 10, 1951
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4157/grj.24.101

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