The object of this paper is to clarify the relation between the spatial arrangement of private forest lands and the spatial diffusion of afforestation. This object was drawn from the author's preceding study using simulation analysis of spatial diffusion of afforestation (Geographical Review of Japan, 46-10, 1973).
The study area is a small area which belongs to a hamlet, Bunmaru, of Yusuhara-cho, Kochi Prefecture, in southwestern part of the Shikoku Mountains. In this area, 70.6% of forest lands are owned by land owners of Bunmaru.
The results obtained are as follows
1. Forest land owners can be divided into three classes in terms of size; A and A' class-es own 27 ha or more, B class 12 ha or more and C class less than 12 ha (Fig. 3).
2. Private forest holdings consist of many small ones on one hand, which had been utilized for shifting cultivation before the later introduction of cultivating “mltsumata” (Edgewortia papyrfera) which was traditionally used for the production of Japanese paper (paper bills and others) until about 1955, and many larger holdings having produced grass-es, firewood and charcoal on the other.
3. Most small holdings are located near the houses of forest land owners and larger ones are away from them.
4. C class owners possess small holdings in most cases. A class ones have both small holdings and most of the larger ones, whereas B class ones have small holdings along with some of the larger ones (Fig. 6).
5. Afforestation was tried by some of the A class owners before World War II. Afforestation was started by B class owners in 1935 for the first time, but afforestation reached its peak about 1955 on their small holdings. However, C class owners started afforestion about 1955 and after (Fig. 8) (Fig. 10).
6. Since 1955, a depression in the market price of “mltsumata”, caused by a sharp decline in the demand of Japanese paper for paper bills, changed many fields of “mltsumata” to forest lands. Diminishing demand for fuelwoods and charcoal also caused more afforestation by all classes since 1960.
7. Thus, we can admit the regular land use through the spatial diffusion of affores-tation, and also admit the diverse contents of a small territory belonging to the hamlet of Bunmaru. Analysis of the principles of individual management of forest lands awaits further research.

View full abstract

In quantitative geography two types of studies can be recognized in terms of its methodology. The first is the study of spatial patterns through morphological viewpoints In this study, the objects and events, distributing in an area, are mapped by using any of the basic geometrical forms such as points, lines, areas, and surfaces. And then, the spatial patterns represented by this map are analyzed by various quantitative techniques. This study induces some morphological laws lying in the spatial patterns and gives a clue for understanding spatial structure.
The second is the study of spatial processes through behavioral viewpoints. This study aims to analyze the movements in an area (spatial processes) such as migration, shopping trip, commodity flow, information flow, and innovation diffusion and identifies some behavioral laws that organize spatial patterns. This paper explores the tendency of spatial patterns to spatial processes, and considers some concepts and techniques in the behavioral studies and their application to spatial behavior models as well.

View full abstract

Most of the studies of the linkages between a city and its hinterland have hitherto been none other than the studies of the regional structure of the surrounding areas influenced by the functions of the city. But the auther thought that the economic and social linkages between a given city and its hinterland should naturally be reflected in the daily behaviors of the hinterland inhabitants going to the city; therefore, such linkages can be made clear by observing those behaviors. In this article, the author tries to clarify the linkages between the built-up areas of Takayama City and its hinterland in Hida region, Gifu Prefecture by analyzing those behaviors directed to the city in the daily life of the hinterland inhabitants.
The survey was conducted in the following method; first, the author distributed questionnaires among the families of the first year pupils through junior high schools in Takayama City and surrounding five towns and seven villages; second, the author, considering the elementary school zones as minimum communities, divided the area into 57 sub-areas. Analyzing the informations collected from the questionnaires, the author could observe the following result:
1) When the inhabitants of the surrounding areas go to Takayama City, three kinds of behaviors are usually observed in this one action of going to the city; and the originally intended major behaviors such as attendings offices or schools are mostly accompanied by the secondary behaviors which the inhabitants already intend to do before they leave their home and the third entirely casual behaviors unintended beforehand.
2) Shopping is the most frequently observed behavior of this second and third kinds of behaviors.
3) The distribution of dwelling-places of the inhabitants who do shopping as the above-mentioned secondary behavior and the frequency of this kind of shopping in the city are related to the number of stores in each district. When there are few stores in a given district, the frequency of shopping as the secondary behavior corresponds to the distance from the district to the built-up areas of Takayama City or to the other concentrated districts of stores. The distribution of the dwelling-places of the inhabitants doing shopping as the third casual behaviors and its frequency have no relation to the number of stores in each district nor to the distance to the other concentrated districts of store; rather they are related to the traffic means from each district.
4) Attending offices, attending schools, attending hospitals and shopping are the four major behaviors through which the hinterland inhabitants are connected with the built-up areas of Takayama City. And the distribution and occurrence rate of the secondary behaviors and the third casual behaviors accompanying each of these four major behaviors are different according to what the major intended behavior is.

View full abstract